diff --git a/src/index.js b/src/index.js
index 1aebeb81..94a28012 100644
--- a/src/index.js
+++ b/src/index.js
@@ -115,7 +115,8 @@ export {
   noAttributionsManager,
   iterateStructsByIdSet,
   createAttributionManagerFromDiff,
-  createIdSet
+  createIdSet,
+  cloneDoc
 } from './internals.js'
 
 const glo = /** @type {any} */ (typeof globalThis !== 'undefined'
diff --git a/src/types/YText.js b/src/types/YText.js
index aa3da2c5..0e01daf3 100644
--- a/src/types/YText.js
+++ b/src/types/YText.js
@@ -1158,42 +1158,47 @@ export class YText extends AbstractType {
             if (ir !== rslice.length - 1) {
               itemContent.splice(idrange.len)
             }
-            am.readContent(cs, item.id.client, idrange.clock, item.deleted, content, idrange.exists)
+            am.readContent(cs, item.id.client, idrange.clock, item.deleted, content, idrange.exists ? 2 : 0)
           }
         }
       } else {
         for (; item !== null && cs.length < 50; item = item.right) {
-          am.readContent(cs, item.id.client, item.id.clock, item.deleted, item.content, !item.deleted)
+          am.readContent(cs, item.id.client, item.id.clock, item.deleted, item.content, 1)
         }
       }
       for (let i = 0; i < cs.length; i++) {
         const c = cs[i]
-        const renderDelete = c.deleted && (c.attrs != null || c.render)
-        const renderInsert = !c.deleted && (c.render || c.attrs != null)
-        const attribution = (renderDelete || renderInsert) ? createAttributionFromAttributionItems(c.attrs, c.deleted).attribution : null
+        // render (attributed) content even if it was deleted
+        const renderContent = c.render && (!c.deleted || c.attrs != null)
+        // content that was just deleted. It is not rendered as an insertion, because it doesn't
+        // have any attributes.
+        const renderDelete = c.render && c.deleted
+        // existing content that should be retained, only adding changed attributes
+        const retainContent = !c.render && (!c.deleted || c.attrs != null)
+        const attribution = renderContent ? createAttributionFromAttributionItems(c.attrs, c.deleted).attribution : null
         switch (c.content.constructor) {
           case ContentType:
           case ContentEmbed:
-            if (renderInsert) {
+            if (renderContent) {
               d.usedAttributes = currentAttributes
               usingCurrentAttributes = true
               d.insert(c.content.getContent()[0], null, attribution)
             } else if (renderDelete) {
               d.delete(1)
-            } else if (!c.deleted) {
+            } else if (retainContent) {
               d.usedAttributes = changedAttributes
               usingChangedAttributes = true
               d.retain(1)
             }
             break
           case ContentString:
-            if (renderInsert || (renderDelete && attribution?.delete != null)) {
+            if (renderContent) {
               d.usedAttributes = currentAttributes
               usingCurrentAttributes = true
               d.insert(/** @type {ContentString} */ (c.content).str, null, attribution)
             } else if (renderDelete) {
               d.delete(c.content.getLength())
-            } else if (!c.deleted) {
+            } else if (retainContent) {
               d.usedAttributes = changedAttributes
               usingChangedAttributes = true
               d.retain(c.content.getLength())
@@ -1204,7 +1209,7 @@ export class YText extends AbstractType {
             const currAttrVal = currentAttributes[key] ?? null
             // @todo write a function "updateCurrentAttributes" and "updateChangedAttributes"
             // # Update Attributes
-            if (renderDelete || renderInsert) {
+            if (renderContent || renderDelete) {
               // create fresh references
               if (usingCurrentAttributes) {
                 currentAttributes = object.assign({}, currentAttributes)
@@ -1215,30 +1220,34 @@ export class YText extends AbstractType {
                 changedAttributes = object.assign({}, changedAttributes)
               }
             }
-            if (renderInsert) {
-              if (equalAttrs(value, currAttrVal)) {
-                // item.delete(transaction)
-              } else if (equalAttrs(value, previousAttributes[key] ?? null)) {
-                delete changedAttributes[key]
-              } else {
-                changedAttributes[key] = value
+            if (renderContent || renderDelete) {
+              if (c.deleted) {
+                // content was deleted, but is possibly attributed
+                if (equalAttrs(value, currAttrVal)) {
+                  // nop
+                } else if (equalAttrs(currAttrVal, previousAttributes[key] ?? null) && changedAttributes[key] !== undefined) {
+                  delete changedAttributes[key]
+                } else {
+                  changedAttributes[key] = currAttrVal
+                }
+                // current attributes doesn't change
+                previousAttributes[key] = value
+              } else { // !c.deleted
+                // content was inserted, and is possibly attributed
+                if (equalAttrs(value, currAttrVal)) {
+                  // item.delete(transaction)
+                } else if (equalAttrs(value, previousAttributes[key] ?? null)) {
+                  delete changedAttributes[key]
+                } else {
+                  changedAttributes[key] = value
+                }
+                if (value == null) {
+                  delete currentAttributes[key]
+                } else {
+                  currentAttributes[key] = value
+                }
               }
-              if (value == null) {
-                delete currentAttributes[key]
-              } else {
-                currentAttributes[key] = value
-              }
-            } else if (renderDelete) {
-              if (equalAttrs(value, currAttrVal)) {
-                // nop
-              } else if (equalAttrs(currAttrVal, previousAttributes[key] ?? null) && changedAttributes[key] !== undefined) {
-                delete changedAttributes[key]
-              } else {
-                changedAttributes[key] = currAttrVal
-              }
-              // current attributes doesn't change
-              previousAttributes[key] = value
-            } else if (!c.deleted) {
+            } else if (retainContent && !c.deleted) {
               // fresh reference to currentAttributes only
               if (usingCurrentAttributes) {
                 currentAttributes = object.assign({}, currentAttributes)
diff --git a/src/utils/AttributionManager.js b/src/utils/AttributionManager.js
index d8078485..95c6abae 100644
--- a/src/utils/AttributionManager.js
+++ b/src/utils/AttributionManager.js
@@ -80,13 +80,13 @@ export class AttributedContent {
    * @param {AbstractContent} content
    * @param {boolean} deleted
    * @param {Array<import('./IdMap.js').AttributionItem<T>> | null} attrs
-   * @param {boolean} render
+   * @param {0|1|2} renderBehavior
    */
-  constructor (content, deleted, attrs, render) {
+  constructor (content, deleted, attrs, renderBehavior) {
     this.content = content
     this.deleted = deleted
     this.attrs = attrs
-    this.render = render
+    this.render = renderBehavior === 0 ? false : (renderBehavior === 1 ? (!deleted || attrs != null) : true)
   }
 }
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ export class AbstractAttributionManager {
    * @param {number} _clock
    * @param {boolean} _deleted
    * @param {AbstractContent} _content
-   * @param {boolean} _shouldRender - whether this should render or just result in a `retain` operation
+   * @param {0|1|2} _shouldRender - 0: if undeleted or attributed, render as a retain operation. 1: render only if undeleted or attributed. 2: render as insert operation (if unattributed and deleted, render as delete).
    */
   readContent (_contents, _client, _clock, _deleted, _content, _shouldRender) {
     error.methodUnimplemented()
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ export class TwosetAttributionManager {
    * @param {number} clock
    * @param {boolean} deleted
    * @param {AbstractContent} content
-   * @param {boolean} shouldRender - whether this should render or just result in a `retain` operation
+   * @param {0|1|2} shouldRender - whether this should render or just result in a `retain` operation
    */
   readContent (contents, client, clock, deleted, content, shouldRender) {
     const slice = (deleted ? this.deletes : this.inserts).slice(client, clock, content.getLength())
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ export class TwosetAttributionManager {
       if (s.len < c.getLength()) {
         content = c.splice(s.len)
       }
-      if (!deleted || s.attrs != null) {
+      if (!deleted || s.attrs != null || shouldRender) {
         contents.push(new AttributedContent(c, deleted, s.attrs, shouldRender))
       }
     })
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ export class NoAttributionsManager {
    * @param {number} _clock
    * @param {boolean} deleted
    * @param {AbstractContent} content
-   * @param {boolean} shouldRender - whether this should render or just result in a `retain` operation
+   * @param {0|1|2} shouldRender - whether this should render or just result in a `retain` operation
    */
   readContent (contents, _client, _clock, deleted, content, shouldRender) {
     if (!deleted || shouldRender) {
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ export class DiffAttributionManager {
    * @param {number} clock
    * @param {boolean} deleted
    * @param {AbstractContent} content
-   * @param {boolean} shouldRender - whether this should render or just result in a `retain` operation
+   * @param {0|1|2} shouldRender - whether this should render or just result in a `retain` operation
    */
   readContent (contents, client, clock, deleted, content, shouldRender) {
     const slice = (deleted ? this.deletes : this.inserts).slice(client, clock, content.getLength())
@@ -244,10 +244,11 @@ export class DiffAttributionManager {
     if (content instanceof ContentDeleted && slice[0].attrs != null && !this.inserts.has(client, clock)) {
       // Retrieved item is never more fragmented than the newer item.
       const prevItem = getItem(this._prevDocStore, createID(client, clock))
+      const originalContentLen = content.getLength()
       content = prevItem.length > 1 ? prevItem.content.copy() : prevItem.content
       // trim itemContent to the correct size.
-      const diffStart = prevItem.id.clock - clock
-      const diffEnd = prevItem.id.clock + prevItem.length - clock - content.getLength()
+      const diffStart = clock - prevItem.id.clock
+      const diffEnd = prevItem.id.clock + prevItem.length - clock - originalContentLen
       if (diffStart > 0) {
         content = content.splice(diffStart)
       }
@@ -260,7 +261,7 @@ export class DiffAttributionManager {
       if (s.len < c.getLength()) {
         content = c.splice(s.len)
       }
-      if (!deleted || s.attrs != null || shouldRender) {
+      if (shouldRender || !deleted || s.attrs != null) {
         contents.push(new AttributedContent(c, deleted, s.attrs, shouldRender))
       }
     })
@@ -307,7 +308,7 @@ export class SnapshotAttributionManager {
    * @param {number} clock
    * @param {boolean} _deleted
    * @param {AbstractContent} content
-   * @param {boolean} shouldRender - whether this should render or just result in a `retain` operation
+   * @param {0|1|2} shouldRender - whether this should render or just result in a `retain` operation
    */
   readContent (contents, client, clock, _deleted, content, shouldRender) {
     if ((this.nextSnapshot.sv.get(client) ?? 0) <= clock) return // future item that should not be displayed
@@ -321,12 +322,12 @@ export class SnapshotAttributionManager {
         content = c.splice(s.len)
       }
       if (nonExistend) return
-      if (!deleted || shouldRender || (s.attrs != null && s.attrs.length > 0)) {
+      if (shouldRender || !deleted || (s.attrs != null && s.attrs.length > 0)) {
         let attrsWithoutChange = s.attrs?.filter(attr => attr.name !== 'change') ?? null
         if (s.attrs?.length === 0) {
           attrsWithoutChange = null
         }
-        contents.push(new AttributedContent(c, deleted, attrsWithoutChange, !deleted))
+        contents.push(new AttributedContent(c, deleted, attrsWithoutChange, shouldRender))
       }
     })
   }
diff --git a/src/utils/Doc.js b/src/utils/Doc.js
index 317f8c21..83c65f3a 100644
--- a/src/utils/Doc.js
+++ b/src/utils/Doc.js
@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ import {
   YXmlElement,
   YXmlFragment,
   transact,
-  ContentDoc, Item, Transaction, YEvent // eslint-disable-line
+  applyUpdate,
+  ContentDoc, Item, Transaction, YEvent, // eslint-disable-line
+  encodeStateAsUpdate
 } from '../internals.js'
 
 import { ObservableV2 } from 'lib0/observable'
@@ -345,3 +347,12 @@ export class Doc extends ObservableV2 {
     super.destroy()
   }
 }
+
+/**
+ * @param {Doc} ydoc
+ */
+export const cloneDoc = ydoc => {
+  const clone = new Doc()
+  applyUpdate(clone, encodeStateAsUpdate(ydoc))
+  return clone
+}
diff --git a/tests/attribution.tests.js b/tests/attribution.tests.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c4707a7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/attribution.tests.js
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/**
+ * Testing if encoding/decoding compatibility and integration compatibility is given.
+ * We expect that the document always looks the same, even if we upgrade the integration algorithm, or add additional encoding approaches.
+ *
+ * The v1 documents were generated with Yjs v13.2.0 based on the randomisized tests.
+ */
+
+import * as Y from '../src/index.js'
+import * as t from 'lib0/testing'
+import * as delta from '../src/utils/Delta.js'
+
+/**
+ * @param {t.TestCase} _tc
+ */
+export const testAttributedEvents = _tc => {
+  const ydoc = new Y.Doc()
+  const ytext = ydoc.getText()
+  ytext.insert(0, 'hello world')
+  const v1 = Y.cloneDoc(ydoc)
+  ydoc.transact(() => {
+    ytext.delete(6, 5)
+  })
+  let am = Y.createAttributionManagerFromDiff(v1, ydoc)
+  const c1 = ytext.getDelta(am)
+  t.compare(c1, delta.createTextDelta().insert('hello ').insert('world', null, { delete: [] }))
+  let calledObserver = false
+  ytext.observe(event => {
+    const d = event.getDelta(am)
+    t.compare(d, delta.createTextDelta().retain(11).insert('!', null, { insert: [] }))
+    calledObserver = true
+  })
+  ytext.insert(11, '!')
+  t.assert(calledObserver)
+}
diff --git a/tests/index.js b/tests/index.js
index 753174da..148b524b 100644
--- a/tests/index.js
+++ b/tests/index.js
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import * as relativePositions from './relativePositions.tests.js'
 import * as delta from './delta.tests.js'
 import * as idset from './IdSet.tests.js'
 import * as idmap from './IdMap.tests.js'
+import * as attribution from './attribution.tests.js'
 
 import { runTests } from 'lib0/testing'
 import { isBrowser, isNode } from 'lib0/environment'
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ if (isBrowser) {
 }
 
 const tests = {
-  doc, map, array, text, xml, encoding, undoredo, compatibility, snapshot, updates, relativePositions, delta, idset, idmap
+  doc, map, array, text, xml, encoding, undoredo, compatibility, snapshot, updates, relativePositions, delta, idset, idmap, attribution
 }
 
 const run = async () => {