diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 09a7b5e5f..16241f042 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ addman: help2man man-db
 
 version:
 ifeq ($(DOKKU_VERSION),master)
-	git describe --tags > ~dokku/VERSION  2> /dev/null || echo '~${DOKKU_VERSION} ($(shell date -uIminutes))' > ~dokku/VERSION
+	git describe --tags > ~dokku/VERSION  2>/dev/null || echo '~${DOKKU_VERSION} ($(shell date -uIminutes))' > ~dokku/VERSION
 else
 	echo $(DOKKU_VERSION) > ~dokku/VERSION
 endif
diff --git a/Vagrantfile b/Vagrantfile
index c892339b6..676c3ea62 100644
--- a/Vagrantfile
+++ b/Vagrantfile
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ Vagrant::configure("2") do |config|
       vb.customize ["modifyvm", :id, "--cableconnected1", "on"]
     end
 
-    vm.vm.provision :shell, :inline => "export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive && apt-get update > /dev/null && apt-get -qq -y install git > /dev/null && cd /root/dokku && #{make_cmd}"
+    vm.vm.provision :shell, :inline => "export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive && apt-get update >/dev/null && apt-get -qq -y install git >/dev/null && cd /root/dokku && #{make_cmd}"
     vm.vm.provision :shell, :inline => "cd /root/dokku && make dokku-installer"
     vm.vm.provision :shell do |s|
       s.inline = <<-EOT
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ Vagrant::configure("2") do |config|
     vm.vm.network :forwarded_port, guest: 80, host: FORWARDED_PORT
     vm.vm.hostname = "#{DOKKU_DOMAIN}"
     vm.vm.network :private_network, ip: DOKKU_IP
-    vm.vm.provision :shell, :inline => "export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive && apt-get update > /dev/null && apt-get -qq -y install git dos2unix > /dev/null"
+    vm.vm.provision :shell, :inline => "export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive && apt-get update >/dev/null && apt-get -qq -y install git dos2unix >/dev/null"
     vm.vm.provision :shell, :inline => "cd /vagrant/ && export DOKKU_BRANCH=`git symbolic-ref -q --short HEAD 2>/dev/null` && export DOKKU_TAG=`git describe --tags --exact-match 2>/dev/null` && cd /root/ && cp /vagrant/bootstrap.sh ./ && dos2unix bootstrap.sh && bash bootstrap.sh"
   end
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ Vagrant::configure("2") do |config|
     vm.vm.network :forwarded_port, guest: 80, host: FORWARDED_PORT
     vm.vm.hostname = "#{DOKKU_DOMAIN}"
     vm.vm.network :private_network, ip: DOKKU_IP
-    vm.vm.provision :shell, :inline => "export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive && apt-get update > /dev/null && apt-get -qq -y install git > /dev/null && cd /root/dokku && #{make_cmd}"
+    vm.vm.provision :shell, :inline => "export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive && apt-get update >/dev/null && apt-get -qq -y install git >/dev/null && cd /root/dokku && #{make_cmd}"
     vm.vm.provision :shell, :inline => "export IS_RELEASE=true && cd /root/dokku && make deb-all rpm-all"
   end
 
diff --git a/contrib/build-base.Dockerfile b/contrib/build-base.Dockerfile
index a7f7f141e..b983cafda 100644
--- a/contrib/build-base.Dockerfile
+++ b/contrib/build-base.Dockerfile
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@ FROM ubuntu:14.04
 ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
 
 RUN apt-get update && apt-get -y install gcc git build-essential wget ruby-dev ruby1.9.1 lintian rpm help2man man-db
-RUN command -v fpm > /dev/null || sudo gem install fpm --no-ri --no-rdoc
+RUN command -v fpm >/dev/null || sudo gem install fpm --no-ri --no-rdoc
diff --git a/contrib/build-dokku-update.Dockerfile b/contrib/build-dokku-update.Dockerfile
index 193ce217b..371f5a9b5 100644
--- a/contrib/build-dokku-update.Dockerfile
+++ b/contrib/build-dokku-update.Dockerfile
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ FROM dokku/build-base:0.0.1
 ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
 
 RUN apt-get update && apt-get -y install gcc git build-essential wget ruby-dev ruby1.9.1 lintian rpm help2man man-db
-RUN command -v fpm > /dev/null || sudo gem install fpm --no-ri --no-rdoc
+RUN command -v fpm >/dev/null || sudo gem install fpm --no-ri --no-rdoc
 
 ARG WORKDIR=/go/src/github.com/dokku/dokku
 
diff --git a/contrib/build-dokku.Dockerfile b/contrib/build-dokku.Dockerfile
index 94e286f5e..484b1e8dc 100644
--- a/contrib/build-dokku.Dockerfile
+++ b/contrib/build-dokku.Dockerfile
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ FROM dokku/build-base:0.0.1
 ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
 
 RUN apt-get update && apt-get -y install gcc git build-essential wget ruby-dev ruby1.9.1 lintian rpm help2man man-db
-RUN command -v fpm > /dev/null || sudo gem install fpm --no-ri --no-rdoc
+RUN command -v fpm >/dev/null || sudo gem install fpm --no-ri --no-rdoc
 
 ARG GOLANG_VERSION
 
diff --git a/contrib/build-herokuish.Dockerfile b/contrib/build-herokuish.Dockerfile
index 5375f9c87..1360091aa 100644
--- a/contrib/build-herokuish.Dockerfile
+++ b/contrib/build-herokuish.Dockerfile
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ FROM dokku/build-base:0.0.1
 ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
 
 RUN apt-get update && apt-get -y install gcc git build-essential wget ruby-dev ruby1.9.1 lintian rpm help2man man-db
-RUN command -v fpm > /dev/null || sudo gem install fpm --no-ri --no-rdoc
+RUN command -v fpm >/dev/null || sudo gem install fpm --no-ri --no-rdoc
 
 ARG WORKDIR=/go/src/github.com/dokku/dokku
 
diff --git a/contrib/packer.json b/contrib/packer.json
index 634609a98..31fdc20cf 100644
--- a/contrib/packer.json
+++ b/contrib/packer.json
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
         "sleep 30",
 
         "echo '--> Updating apt repositories'",
-        "sudo apt-get update -qq > /dev/null",
+        "sudo apt-get update -qq >/dev/null",
 
         "echo '--> Installing make requirement'",
         "sudo apt-get -qq -y install build-essential",
diff --git a/contrib/release-dokku b/contrib/release-dokku
index 519cbdaa4..a9452d70a 100755
--- a/contrib/release-dokku
+++ b/contrib/release-dokku
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ readonly ROOT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")")" && pwd)"
 readonly TMP_WORK_DIR="$(mktemp -d "/tmp/dokku-release.XXXX")"
 readonly DOKKU_GIT_REV="$(git rev-parse HEAD)"
 
-trap 'rm -rf "$TMP_WORK_DIR" > /dev/null' RETURN INT TERM EXIT
+trap 'rm -rf "$TMP_WORK_DIR" >/dev/null' RETURN INT TERM EXIT
 
 log-info() {
   # shellcheck disable=SC2034
diff --git a/contrib/release-dokku-update b/contrib/release-dokku-update
index ff65578ff..9a97c67a8 100755
--- a/contrib/release-dokku-update
+++ b/contrib/release-dokku-update
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ readonly ROOT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")")" && pwd)"
 readonly TMP_WORK_DIR="$(mktemp -d "/tmp/dokku-release.XXXX")"
 readonly DOKKU_GIT_REV="$(git rev-parse HEAD)"
 
-trap 'rm -rf "$TMP_WORK_DIR" > /dev/null' RETURN INT TERM EXIT
+trap 'rm -rf "$TMP_WORK_DIR" >/dev/null' RETURN INT TERM EXIT
 
 log-info() {
   # shellcheck disable=SC2034
diff --git a/contrib/release-herokuish b/contrib/release-herokuish
index 381897f15..87e87f251 100755
--- a/contrib/release-herokuish
+++ b/contrib/release-herokuish
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ readonly ROOT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")")" && pwd)"
 readonly TMP_WORK_DIR="$(mktemp -d "/tmp/dokku-release.XXXX")"
 readonly DOKKU_GIT_REV="$(git rev-parse HEAD)"
 
-trap 'rm -rf "$TMP_WORK_DIR" > /dev/null' RETURN INT TERM EXIT
+trap 'rm -rf "$TMP_WORK_DIR" >/dev/null' RETURN INT TERM EXIT
 
 log-info() {
   # shellcheck disable=SC2034
diff --git a/contrib/release-plugin b/contrib/release-plugin
index 83aaffa8b..348c76100 100755
--- a/contrib/release-plugin
+++ b/contrib/release-plugin
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ set -eo pipefail
 
 readonly TMP_WORK_DIR="$(mktemp -d "/tmp/dokku-plugin-release.XXXX")"
 
-trap 'rm -rf "$TMP_WORK_DIR" > /dev/null' RETURN INT TERM EXIT
+trap 'rm -rf "$TMP_WORK_DIR" >/dev/null' RETURN INT TERM EXIT
 
 log-info() {
   # shellcheck disable=SC2034
diff --git a/deb.mk b/deb.mk
index 62f14dd1a..3fdd1d039 100644
--- a/deb.mk
+++ b/deb.mk
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ export SSHCOMMAND_DESCRIPTION
 
 install-from-deb:
 	@echo "--> Initial apt-get update"
-	sudo apt-get update -qq > /dev/null
+	sudo apt-get update -qq >/dev/null
 	sudo apt-get install -qq -y apt-transport-https
 
 	@echo "--> Installing docker"
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ install-from-deb:
 
 	@echo "--> Installing dokku"
 	wget -nv -O - https://packagecloud.io/dokku/dokku/gpgkey | apt-key add -
-	@echo "deb https://packagecloud.io/dokku/dokku/ubuntu/ $(shell lsb_release -cs 2> /dev/null || echo "trusty") main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/dokku.list
-	sudo apt-get update -qq > /dev/null
+	@echo "deb https://packagecloud.io/dokku/dokku/ubuntu/ $(shell lsb_release -cs 2>/dev/null || echo "trusty") main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/dokku.list
+	sudo apt-get update -qq >/dev/null
 	sudo DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive DEBCONF_NONINTERACTIVE_SEEN=true apt-get install -yy dokku
 
 deb-all: deb-setup deb-herokuish deb-dokku deb-plugn deb-sshcommand deb-sigil deb-dokku-update
@@ -82,9 +82,9 @@ deb-all: deb-setup deb-herokuish deb-dokku deb-plugn deb-sshcommand deb-sigil de
 
 deb-setup:
 	@echo "-> Updating deb repository and installing build requirements"
-	@sudo apt-get update -qq > /dev/null
-	@sudo DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive DEBCONF_NONINTERACTIVE_SEEN=true apt-get install -qq -y gcc git build-essential wget ruby-dev ruby1.9.1 lintian > /dev/null 2>&1
-	@command -v fpm > /dev/null || sudo gem install fpm --no-ri --no-rdoc
+	@sudo apt-get update -qq >/dev/null
+	@sudo DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive DEBCONF_NONINTERACTIVE_SEEN=true apt-get install -qq -y gcc git build-essential wget ruby-dev ruby1.9.1 lintian >/dev/null 2>&1
+	@command -v fpm >/dev/null || sudo gem install fpm --no-ri --no-rdoc
 	@ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no git@github.com || true
 
 deb-herokuish:
diff --git a/docs/development/plugin-triggers.md b/docs/development/plugin-triggers.md
index 8c7986b04..4f4abbf5e 100644
--- a/docs/development/plugin-triggers.md
+++ b/docs/development/plugin-triggers.md
@@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ APP="$1"; verify_app_name "$APP"
 TMP_WORK_DIR="$2"
 REV="$3" # optional, may not be sent for tar-based builds
 
-pushd "$TMP_WORK_DIR" > /dev/null
+pushd "$TMP_WORK_DIR" >/dev/null
 touch Procfile
 echo "clock: some-command" >> Procfile
 ```
@@ -804,12 +804,12 @@ verify_app_name "$APP"
 dokku_log_info1 "Installing $CONTAINER_PACKAGE..."
 
 CMD="cat > gm && \
-  dpkg -s CONTAINER_PACKAGE > /dev/null 2>&1 || \
+  dpkg -s CONTAINER_PACKAGE >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
   (apt-get update && apt-get install -y CONTAINER_PACKAGE && apt-get clean)"
 
 ID=$(docker run $DOKKU_GLOBAL_RUN_ARGS -i -a stdin $IMAGE /bin/bash -c "$CMD")
 test $(docker wait $ID) -eq 0
-docker commit $ID $IMAGE > /dev/null
+docker commit $ID $IMAGE >/dev/null
 ```
 
 ### `post-release-dockerfile`
@@ -919,7 +919,7 @@ verify_app_name "$APP"
 dokku_log_info1 "Running gulp"
 id=$(docker run $DOKKU_GLOBAL_RUN_ARGS -d $IMAGE /bin/bash -c "cd /app && gulp default")
 test $(docker wait $id) -eq 0
-docker commit $id $IMAGE > /dev/null
+docker commit $id $IMAGE >/dev/null
 dokku_log_info1 "Building UI Complete"
 ```
 
@@ -995,12 +995,12 @@ verify_app_name "$APP"
 dokku_log_info1 "Installing GraphicsMagick..."
 
 CMD="cat > gm && \
-  dpkg -s graphicsmagick > /dev/null 2>&1 || \
+  dpkg -s graphicsmagick >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
   (apt-get update && apt-get install -y graphicsmagick && apt-get clean)"
 
 ID=$(docker run $DOKKU_GLOBAL_RUN_ARGS -i -a stdin $IMAGE /bin/bash -c "$CMD")
 test $(docker wait $ID) -eq 0
-docker commit $ID $IMAGE > /dev/null
+docker commit $ID $IMAGE >/dev/null
 ```
 
 ### `pre-release-dockerfile`
@@ -1152,7 +1152,7 @@ APP=${refname/*\//}.$reference_app
 
 if [[ ! -d "$DOKKU_ROOT/$APP" ]]; then
   REFERENCE_REPO="$DOKKU_ROOT/$reference_app"
-  git clone --bare --shared --reference "$REFERENCE_REPO" "$REFERENCE_REPO" "$DOKKU_ROOT/$APP" > /dev/null
+  git clone --bare --shared --reference "$REFERENCE_REPO" "$REFERENCE_REPO" "$DOKKU_ROOT/$APP" >/dev/null
 fi
 plugn trigger receive-app $APP $newrev
 ```
diff --git a/docs/getting-started/install/debian.md b/docs/getting-started/install/debian.md
index 7b14a017f..163a3b752 100644
--- a/docs/getting-started/install/debian.md
+++ b/docs/getting-started/install/debian.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ As of 0.3.18, Dokku defaults to being installed via Debian package. While certai
 
 ```shell
 # install prerequisites
-sudo apt-get update -qq > /dev/null
+sudo apt-get update -qq >/dev/null
 sudo apt-get install -qq -y apt-transport-https
 
 # install docker
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ wget -nv -O - https://get.docker.com/ | sh
 
 # install dokku
 wget -nv -O - https://packagecloud.io/dokku/dokku/gpgkey | apt-key add -
-OS_ID="$(lsb_release -cs 2> /dev/null || echo "trusty")"
+OS_ID="$(lsb_release -cs 2>/dev/null || echo "trusty")"
 echo "trusty utopic vivid wily xenial yakkety zesty artful bionic" | grep -q "$OS_ID" || OS_ID="trusty"
 echo "deb https://packagecloud.io/dokku/dokku/ubuntu/ ${OS_ID} main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/dokku.list
-sudo apt-get update -qq > /dev/null
+sudo apt-get update -qq >/dev/null
 sudo apt-get install -qq -y dokku
 sudo dokku plugin:install-dependencies --core
 ```
diff --git a/docs/home.html b/docs/home.html
index a60ca97fa..7d4ced19d 100644
--- a/docs/home.html
+++ b/docs/home.html
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@
           <p class="line">
             <span class="path"></span>
             <span class="prompt">$</span>
-            <span class="command">export OS_ID="$(lsb_release -cs 2> /dev/null || echo "trusty")"</span>
+            <span class="command">export OS_ID="$(lsb_release -cs 2>/dev/null || echo "trusty")"</span>
           </p>
           <p class="line">
             <span class="path"></span>
diff --git a/plugins/app-json/internal-functions b/plugins/app-json/internal-functions
index cb735c0a2..c6c3694d7 100755
--- a/plugins/app-json/internal-functions
+++ b/plugins/app-json/internal-functions
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ get_phase_script() {
   declare IMAGE_TAG="$1" PHASE_SCRIPT_KEY="$2"
   local GET_PHASE_SCRIPT_TMP_WORK_DIR=$(mktemp -d "/tmp/dokku_get_phase_script.XXXX")
   local APP_JSON_FILE="$GET_PHASE_SCRIPT_TMP_WORK_DIR/app.json"
-  trap 'rm -rf "$GET_PHASE_SCRIPT_TMP_WORK_DIR" > /dev/null' RETURN INT TERM
+  trap 'rm -rf "$GET_PHASE_SCRIPT_TMP_WORK_DIR" >/dev/null' RETURN INT TERM
 
   copy_from_image "$IMAGE" "app.json" "$GET_PHASE_SCRIPT_TMP_WORK_DIR" 2>/dev/null || true
 
diff --git a/plugins/certs/subcommands/add b/plugins/certs/subcommands/add
index 6c1cae2eb..a40c2d8f4 100755
--- a/plugins/certs/subcommands/add
+++ b/plugins/certs/subcommands/add
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ certs_set() {
   elif is_tar_import; then
     local CERTS_SET_TMP_WORK_DIR=$(mktemp -d "/tmp/dokku_certs_set.XXXX")
     pushd "$CERTS_SET_TMP_WORK_DIR" &>/dev/null
-    trap 'popd &> /dev/null || true; rm -rf $CERTS_SET_TMP_WORK_DIR > /dev/null' RETURN
+    trap 'popd &>/dev/null || true; rm -rf $CERTS_SET_TMP_WORK_DIR >/dev/null' RETURN
     tar xvf - <&0
 
     local CRT_FILE_SEARCH=$(find . -not -path '*/\.*' -type f | grep ".crt$")
diff --git a/plugins/certs/subcommands/generate b/plugins/certs/subcommands/generate
index 6c85c6768..984e74518 100755
--- a/plugins/certs/subcommands/generate
+++ b/plugins/certs/subcommands/generate
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ certs_generate_cmd() {
   if [[ ! -f "$APP_SSL_PATH/server.key" ]] && [[ ! -f "$APP_SSL_PATH/server.crt" ]]; then
     local CERTS_GENERATE_TMP_WORK_DIR=$(mktemp -d "/tmp/dokku_certs.XXXXXXXXX")
     pushd "$CERTS_GENERATE_TMP_WORK_DIR" >/dev/null
-    trap 'popd &> /dev/null || true; rm -rf "$CERTS_GENERATE_TMP_WORK_DIR" > /dev/null' INT TERM EXIT
+    trap 'popd &>/dev/null || true; rm -rf "$CERTS_GENERATE_TMP_WORK_DIR" >/dev/null' INT TERM EXIT
 
     openssl genrsa -out server.key 2048
     openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr
diff --git a/plugins/common/functions b/plugins/common/functions
index 9478c2d7d..d99e257fa 100755
--- a/plugins/common/functions
+++ b/plugins/common/functions
@@ -1049,7 +1049,7 @@ suppress_output() {
   declare desc="suppress all output from a given command unless there is an error"
   local TMP_COMMAND_OUTPUT
   TMP_COMMAND_OUTPUT=$(mktemp "/tmp/${FUNCNAME[0]}.XXXX")
-  trap 'rm -rf "$TMP_COMMAND_OUTPUT" > /dev/null' RETURN INT TERM EXIT
+  trap 'rm -rf "$TMP_COMMAND_OUTPUT" >/dev/null' RETURN INT TERM EXIT
 
   "$@" >"$TMP_COMMAND_OUTPUT" 2>&1 || {
     local exit_code="$?"
diff --git a/plugins/git/functions b/plugins/git/functions
index e561e2c21..c84821477 100755
--- a/plugins/git/functions
+++ b/plugins/git/functions
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ git_build_app_repo() {
 
   # clean up after ourselves
   local GIT_BUILD_APP_REPO_TMP_WORK_DIR=$(mktemp -d "/tmp/dokku_git.XXXX")
-  trap 'rm -rf "$GIT_BUILD_APP_REPO_TMP_WORK_DIR" > /dev/null' RETURN INT TERM EXIT
+  trap 'rm -rf "$GIT_BUILD_APP_REPO_TMP_WORK_DIR" >/dev/null' RETURN INT TERM EXIT
 
   local TMP_TAG="dokku/$REV"
   chmod 755 "$GIT_BUILD_APP_REPO_TMP_WORK_DIR"
diff --git a/plugins/nginx-vhosts/functions b/plugins/nginx-vhosts/functions
index f7edb5189..661e7ed9c 100755
--- a/plugins/nginx-vhosts/functions
+++ b/plugins/nginx-vhosts/functions
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ nginx_build_config() {
     local NGINX_CONF=$(mktemp --tmpdir="${NGINX_BUILD_CONFIG_TMP_WORK_DIR}" "nginx.conf.XXXXXX")
     local CUSTOM_NGINX_TEMPLATE="$NGINX_BUILD_CONFIG_TMP_WORK_DIR/$NGINX_TEMPLATE_NAME"
     # shellcheck disable=SC2086
-    trap 'rm -rf $NGINX_CONF $NGINX_BUILD_CONFIG_TMP_WORK_DIR > /dev/null' RETURN INT TERM EXIT
+    trap 'rm -rf $NGINX_CONF $NGINX_BUILD_CONFIG_TMP_WORK_DIR >/dev/null' RETURN INT TERM EXIT
 
     get_custom_nginx_template "$APP" "$CUSTOM_NGINX_TEMPLATE" 2>/dev/null
     if [[ -f "$CUSTOM_NGINX_TEMPLATE" ]]; then
diff --git a/plugins/nginx-vhosts/internal-functions b/plugins/nginx-vhosts/internal-functions
index 626d5b8b0..2b413c1c3 100755
--- a/plugins/nginx-vhosts/internal-functions
+++ b/plugins/nginx-vhosts/internal-functions
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ nginx_vhosts_is_valid_nginx_config_func() {
   declare APP="$1"
   local VALIDATE_TEMPLATE="$PLUGIN_AVAILABLE_PATH/nginx-vhosts/templates/validate.conf.sigil"
   local TMP_OUTPUT=$(mktemp "/tmp/${FUNCNAME[0]}.XXXX")
-  trap 'rm -rf "$TMP_OUTPUT" > /dev/null' RETURN INT TERM EXIT
+  trap 'rm -rf "$TMP_OUTPUT" >/dev/null' RETURN INT TERM EXIT
 
   sigil -f "$VALIDATE_TEMPLATE" NGINX_CONF="$DOKKU_ROOT/$APP/nginx.conf" | cat -s >"$TMP_OUTPUT"
   sudo "$NGINX_LOCATION" -t -c "$TMP_OUTPUT" 2>/dev/null
diff --git a/plugins/ps/functions b/plugins/ps/functions
index c43f6e346..7d3a7c196 100755
--- a/plugins/ps/functions
+++ b/plugins/ps/functions
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ generate_scale_file() {
     dokku_log_info1_quiet "DOKKU_SCALE file not found in app image. Generating one based on Procfile..."
 
     local GENERATE_SCALE_FILE_TMP_WORK_DIR=$(mktemp -d "/tmp/dokku_scale.XXXX")
-    trap 'rm -rf "$GENERATE_SCALE_FILE_TMP_WORK_DIR" > /dev/null' RETURN
+    trap 'rm -rf "$GENERATE_SCALE_FILE_TMP_WORK_DIR" >/dev/null' RETURN
 
     if [[ -f $DOKKU_PROCFILE ]]; then
       while read -r line || [[ -n "$line" ]]; do
diff --git a/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/scheduler-inspect b/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/scheduler-inspect
index 7eaaae32d..86c26b0b3 100755
--- a/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/scheduler-inspect
+++ b/plugins/scheduler-docker-local/scheduler-inspect
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ scheduler-docker-local-scheduler-inspect() {
   fi
 
   local TMP_INSPECT_CMD=$(mktemp "/tmp/${FUNCNAME[0]}.XXXX")
-  trap 'rm -rf "$TMP_INSPECT_CMD" > /dev/null' RETURN INT TERM EXIT
+  trap 'rm -rf "$TMP_INSPECT_CMD" >/dev/null' RETURN INT TERM EXIT
   cat >"$TMP_INSPECT_CMD" <<EOF
 import json
 import sys
diff --git a/plugins/tar/functions b/plugins/tar/functions
index 8a884de73..d2c5e6624 100755
--- a/plugins/tar/functions
+++ b/plugins/tar/functions
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ tar_build() {
 
   # clean up after ourselves
   local TAR_BUILD_TMP_WORK_DIR=$(mktemp -d "/tmp/dokku_tar.XXXX")
-  trap 'rm -rf "$TAR_BUILD_TMP_WORK_DIR" > /dev/null' RETURN INT TERM EXIT
+  trap 'rm -rf "$TAR_BUILD_TMP_WORK_DIR" >/dev/null' RETURN INT TERM EXIT
 
   # extract tar file
   chmod 755 "$TAR_BUILD_TMP_WORK_DIR"
diff --git a/rpm.mk b/rpm.mk
index 49bdda841..d2b08816b 100644
--- a/rpm.mk
+++ b/rpm.mk
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ rpm-all: rpm-setup rpm-herokuish rpm-dokku rpm-plugn rpm-sshcommand rpm-sigil rp
 
 rpm-setup:
 	@echo "-> Installing rpm build requirements"
-	@sudo apt-get update -qq > /dev/null
-	@sudo DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive DEBCONF_NONINTERACTIVE_SEEN=true apt-get install -qq -y gcc git build-essential wget ruby-dev ruby1.9.1 rpm > /dev/null 2>&1
-	@command -v fpm > /dev/null || sudo gem install fpm --no-ri --no-rdoc
+	@sudo apt-get update -qq >/dev/null
+	@sudo DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive DEBCONF_NONINTERACTIVE_SEEN=true apt-get install -qq -y gcc git build-essential wget ruby-dev ruby1.9.1 rpm >/dev/null 2>&1
+	@command -v fpm >/dev/null || sudo gem install fpm --no-ri --no-rdoc
 	@ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no git@github.com || true
 
 rpm-herokuish:
diff --git a/tests.mk b/tests.mk
index cbda94884..6638e6da6 100644
--- a/tests.mk
+++ b/tests.mk
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ SYSTEM := $(shell sh -c 'uname -s 2>/dev/null')
 
 bats:
 ifeq ($(SYSTEM),Darwin)
-ifneq ($(shell bats --version > /dev/null 2>&1 ; echo $$?),0)
+ifneq ($(shell bats --version >/dev/null 2>&1 ; echo $$?),0)
 	brew install bats-core
 endif
 else
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ else
 endif
 
 shellcheck:
-ifneq ($(shell shellcheck --version > /dev/null 2>&1 ; echo $$?),0)
+ifneq ($(shell shellcheck --version >/dev/null 2>&1 ; echo $$?),0)
 ifeq ($(SYSTEM),Darwin)
 	brew install shellcheck
 else
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ endif
 endif
 
 shfmt:
-ifneq ($(shell shfmt --version > /dev/null 2>&1 ; echo $$?),0)
+ifneq ($(shell shfmt --version >/dev/null 2>&1 ; echo $$?),0)
 ifeq ($(shfmt),Darwin)
 	brew install shfmt
 else
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ endif
 endif
 
 xmlstarlet:
-ifneq ($(shell xmlstarlet --version > /dev/null 2>&1 ; echo $$?),0)
+ifneq ($(shell xmlstarlet --version >/dev/null 2>&1 ; echo $$?),0)
 ifeq ($(SYSTEM),Darwin)
 	brew install xmlstarlet
 else
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ ifdef ENABLE_DOKKU_TRACE
 	echo "export DOKKU_TRACE=1" >> /home/dokku/dokkurc
 endif
 	@echo "Setting dokku.me in /etc/hosts"
-	sudo /bin/bash -c "[[ `ping -c1 dokku.me > /dev/null 2>&1; echo $$?` -eq 0 ]] || echo \"127.0.0.1  dokku.me *.dokku.me www.test.app.dokku.me\" >> /etc/hosts"
+	sudo /bin/bash -c "[[ `ping -c1 dokku.me >/dev/null 2>&1; echo $$?` -eq 0 ]] || echo \"127.0.0.1  dokku.me *.dokku.me www.test.app.dokku.me\" >> /etc/hosts"
 
 	@echo "-----> Generating keypair..."
 	mkdir -p /root/.ssh
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ endif
 	chmod 600 /root/.ssh/dokku_test_rsa*
 
 	@echo "-----> Setting up ssh config..."
-ifneq ($(shell ls /root/.ssh/config > /dev/null 2>&1 ; echo $$?),0)
+ifneq ($(shell ls /root/.ssh/config >/dev/null 2>&1 ; echo $$?),0)
 	echo "Host dokku.me \\r\\n RequestTTY yes \\r\\n IdentityFile /root/.ssh/dokku_test_rsa" >> /root/.ssh/config
 	echo "Host 127.0.0.1 \\r\\n Port 22333 \\r\\n RequestTTY yes \\r\\n IdentityFile /root/.ssh/dokku_test_rsa" >> /root/.ssh/config
 else ifeq ($(shell grep dokku.me /root/.ssh/config),)
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ endif
 	cat /root/.ssh/dokku_test_rsa.pub | sudo sshcommand acl-add dokku test
 
 	@echo "-----> Intitial SSH connection to populate known_hosts..."
-	ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no dokku@dokku.me help > /dev/null
-	ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no dokku@127.0.0.1 help > /dev/null
+	ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no dokku@dokku.me help >/dev/null
+	ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no dokku@127.0.0.1 help >/dev/null
 
 ifeq ($(shell grep dokku.me /home/dokku/VHOST 2>/dev/null),)
 	@echo "-----> Setting default VHOST to dokku.me..."
diff --git a/tests/bats-exec-test-single b/tests/bats-exec-test-single
index 762fc2df5..2bd362b79 100755
--- a/tests/bats-exec-test-single
+++ b/tests/bats-exec-test-single
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ main() {
   fi
 
   TMP_OUTPUT=$(mktemp "/tmp/${FUNCNAME[0]}.XXXX")
-  trap 'rm -rf "$TMP_OUTPUT" > /dev/null' RETURN INT TERM EXIT
+  trap 'rm -rf "$TMP_OUTPUT" >/dev/null' RETURN INT TERM EXIT
 
   /usr/local/libexec/bats-preprocess <"$TEST_FILE" >"$TMP_OUTPUT"
   AVAILABLE_TESTS="$(fn-available-tests "$TMP_OUTPUT")"
diff --git a/tests/test_deploy b/tests/test_deploy
index f7e605b5c..20e36b2c4 100755
--- a/tests/test_deploy
+++ b/tests/test_deploy
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ TMP=$(mktemp -d "/tmp/$TARGET.XXXXX")
 rmdir "$TMP" && cp -r "$(dirname "$SELF")/$APP" "$TMP"
 
 pushd "$TMP" &>/dev/null || exit 1
-trap 'popd &> /dev/null || true; rm -rf "$TMP"' INT TERM EXIT
+trap 'popd &>/dev/null || true; rm -rf "$TMP"' INT TERM EXIT
 
 git init
 git config user.email "robot@example.com"
diff --git a/tests/unit/10_checks.bats b/tests/unit/10_checks.bats
index 7f5f75782..51c055e03 100644
--- a/tests/unit/10_checks.bats
+++ b/tests/unit/10_checks.bats
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ teardown() {
 }
 
 @test "(checks) checks" {
-  run /bin/bash -c "dokku checks $TEST_APP 2> /dev/null | grep $TEST_APP | xargs"
+  run /bin/bash -c "dokku checks $TEST_APP 2>/dev/null | grep $TEST_APP | xargs"
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_output "$TEST_APP none none"
diff --git a/tests/unit/10_tar.bats b/tests/unit/10_tar.bats
index 7b2fe1fc4..3fe8204ca 100644
--- a/tests/unit/10_tar.bats
+++ b/tests/unit/10_tar.bats
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ deploy_app_tar() {
   TMP=$(mktemp -d "/tmp/dokku.me.XXXXX")
 
   rmdir "$TMP" && cp -r "${BATS_TEST_DIRNAME}/../../tests/apps/$APP_TYPE" "$TMP"
-  pushd "$TMP" &> /dev/null || exit 1
-  trap 'popd &> /dev/null || true; rm -rf "$TMP"' RETURN INT TERM
+  pushd "$TMP" &>/dev/null || exit 1
+  trap 'popd &>/dev/null || true; rm -rf "$TMP"' RETURN INT TERM
 
   shift 1
   tar c . $* | ssh dokku@dokku.me tar:in $TEST_APP || destroy_app $?
diff --git a/tests/unit/20_docker-options.bats b/tests/unit/20_docker-options.bats
index 64c14ceb6..1f568d0e6 100644
--- a/tests/unit/20_docker-options.bats
+++ b/tests/unit/20_docker-options.bats
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ teardown() {
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
-  run /bin/bash -c "dokku docker-options $TEST_APP 2> /dev/null | xargs"
+  run /bin/bash -c "dokku docker-options $TEST_APP 2>/dev/null | xargs"
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_output "Deploy options: --restart=on-failure:10"
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ teardown() {
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
-  run /bin/bash -c "dokku docker-options $TEST_APP build 2> /dev/null"
+  run /bin/bash -c "dokku docker-options $TEST_APP build 2>/dev/null"
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_output "Build options: none"
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ teardown() {
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
-  run /bin/bash -c "dokku docker-options $TEST_APP deploy 2> /dev/null | xargs"
+  run /bin/bash -c "dokku docker-options $TEST_APP deploy 2>/dev/null | xargs"
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_output "Deploy options: --restart=on-failure:10"
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ teardown() {
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
-  run /bin/bash -c "dokku docker-options $TEST_APP run 2> /dev/null"
+  run /bin/bash -c "dokku docker-options $TEST_APP run 2>/dev/null"
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_output "Run options: none"
diff --git a/tests/unit/20_domains.bats b/tests/unit/20_domains.bats
index 06029f61a..8c05f8994 100644
--- a/tests/unit/20_domains.bats
+++ b/tests/unit/20_domains.bats
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ teardown() {
 
 @test "(domains) domains" {
   dokku domains:setup $TEST_APP
-  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2> /dev/null | grep ${TEST_APP}.dokku.me"
+  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2>/dev/null | grep ${TEST_APP}.dokku.me"
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_output "${TEST_APP}.dokku.me"
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ teardown() {
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
 
-  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2> /dev/null"
+  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2>/dev/null"
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ teardown() {
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
 
-  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2> /dev/null"
+  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2>/dev/null"
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ teardown() {
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
 
-  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2> /dev/null"
+  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2>/dev/null"
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ teardown() {
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
 
-  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2> /dev/null"
+  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2>/dev/null"
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ teardown() {
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
 
-  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2> /dev/null"
+  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2>/dev/null"
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ teardown() {
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
 
-  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2> /dev/null"
+  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2>/dev/null"
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ teardown() {
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
 
-  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2> /dev/null"
+  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2>/dev/null"
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ teardown() {
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
 
-  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains 2> /dev/null | egrep -qw '^global.dokku.me\$'"
+  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains 2>/dev/null | egrep -qw '^global.dokku.me\$'"
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
@@ -203,17 +203,17 @@ teardown() {
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
 
-  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains 2> /dev/null | grep -q global1.dokku.me"
+  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains 2>/dev/null | grep -q global1.dokku.me"
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
 
-  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains 2> /dev/null | grep -q global2.dokku.me"
+  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains 2>/dev/null | grep -q global2.dokku.me"
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
 
-  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains 2> /dev/null | grep -q global3.dokku.me"
+  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains 2>/dev/null | grep -q global3.dokku.me"
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ teardown() {
 
   dokku domains:setup $TEST_APP
 
-  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2> /dev/null"
+  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2>/dev/null"
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ teardown() {
 
   dokku domains:setup $TEST_APP
 
-  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2> /dev/null"
+  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2>/dev/null"
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_success
diff --git a/tests/unit/20_network.bats b/tests/unit/20_network.bats
index 20641f277..19e9dc118 100644
--- a/tests/unit/20_network.bats
+++ b/tests/unit/20_network.bats
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ assert_nonssl_domain() {
 
 assert_app_domain() {
   local domain=$1
-  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2> /dev/null | grep -xF ${domain}"
+  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2>/dev/null | grep -xF ${domain}"
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_output "${domain}"
diff --git a/tests/unit/40_proxy.bats b/tests/unit/40_proxy.bats
index 4c842542d..3b53ee724 100644
--- a/tests/unit/40_proxy.bats
+++ b/tests/unit/40_proxy.bats
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ assert_nonssl_domain() {
 
 assert_app_domain() {
   local domain=$1
-  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2> /dev/null | grep -xF ${domain}"
+  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2>/dev/null | grep -xF ${domain}"
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_output "${domain}"
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_helper.bash b/tests/unit/test_helper.bash
index 81c54050c..e09af6ab0 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test_helper.bash
+++ b/tests/unit/test_helper.bash
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ assert_nonssl_domain() {
 
 assert_app_domain() {
   local domain=$1
-  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2> /dev/null | grep -xF ${domain}"
+  run /bin/bash -c "dokku domains $TEST_APP 2>/dev/null | grep -xF ${domain}"
   echo "output: $output"
   echo "status: $status"
   assert_output "${domain}"
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ deploy_app() {
   [[ -n "$CUSTOM_TEMPLATE" ]] && $CUSTOM_TEMPLATE $TEST_APP $TMP/$CUSTOM_PATH
 
   pushd "$TMP" &>/dev/null || exit 1
-  trap 'popd &> /dev/null || true; rm -rf "$TMP"' RETURN INT TERM
+  trap 'popd &>/dev/null || true; rm -rf "$TMP"' RETURN INT TERM
 
   git init
   git config user.email "robot@example.com"