# Scheduled Cron Tasks

> [!IMPORTANT]
> New as of 0.23.0

```
cron:list <app> [--format json|stdout] # List scheduled cron tasks for an app
cron:report [<app>] [<flag>]           # Display report about an app
cron:run <app> <cron_id> [--detach]    # Run a cron task on the fly
```

## Usage

### Dokku Managed Cron

Dokku automates scheduled `dokku run` commands via it's `app.json` cron integration.

#### Specifying commands

The `app.json` file for a given app can define a special `cron` key that contains a list of commands to run on given schedules. The following is a simple example `app.json` that effectively runs the command `dokku run $APP npm run send-email` once a day:

```json
{
  "cron": [
    {
      "command": "npm run send-email",
      "schedule": "@daily"
    }
  ]
}
```

A cron entry takes the following properties:

- `command`: A command to be run within the built app image. Specified commands can also be `Procfile` entries.
- `schedule`: A [cron-compatible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cron#Overview) scheduling definition upon which to run the command. Seconds are generally not supported.

Zero or more cron commands can be specified per app. Cron entries are validated after the build artifact is created but before the app is deployed, and the cron schedule is updated during the post-deploy phase.

See the [app.json location documentation](/docs/advanced-usage/deployment-tasks.md#changing-the-appjson-location) for more information on where to place your `app.json` file.

#### Task Environment

When running scheduled cron tasks, there are a few items to be aware of:

- Scheduled cron tasks are performed within the app environment available at runtime. If the app image does not exist, the command may fail to execute.
- Schedules are performed on the hosting server's timezone, which is typically UTC.
- At this time, only the `PATH` and `SHELL` environment variables are specified in the cron template.
    - A `MAILTO` value can be set via the `cron:set` command.
- Each scheduled task is executed within a one-off `run` container, and thus inherit any docker-options specified for `run` containers. Resources are never shared between scheduled tasks.
- Scheduled cron tasks are supported on a per-scheduler basis, and are currently only implemented by the `docker-local` scheduler.
- Tasks for _all_ apps managed by the `docker-local` scheduler are written to a single crontab file owned by the `dokku` user. The `dokku` user's crontab should be considered reserved for this purpose.

#### Specifying a MAILTO value

By default, cron tasks complete and do not perform any reporting. Users can specify a value for `MAILTO` via the global `mailto` cron property by using the `cron:set` command.

```shell
dokku cron:set --global mailto example@example.com
```

All output for individual cron runs will be sent to the specified email.

Cron emails can be disabled by running the `cron:set` command for the global `mailto` property with no value.

```shell
dokku cron:set --global mailto
```

#### Listing Cron tasks

Cron tasks for an app can be listed via the `cron:list` command. This command takes an `app` argument.

```shell
dokku cron:list node-js-app
```

```
ID                                    Schedule   Command
cGhwPT09cGhwIHRlc3QucGhwPT09QGRhaWx5  @daily     node index.js
cGhwPT09dHJ1ZT09PSogKiAqICogKg==      * * * * *  true
```

The output can also be displayed in json format:

```shell
dokku cron:list node-js-app --format json
```

```
[{"id":"cGhwPT09cGhwIHRlc3QucGhwPT09QGRhaWx5","app":"node-js-app","command":"node index.js","schedule":"@daily"}]
```

#### Executing a cron task on the fly

Cron tasks can be invoked via the `cron:run` command. This command takes an `app` argument and a `cron id` (retrievable from `cron:list` output).

```shell
dokku cron:run node-js-app cGhwPT09cGhwIHRlc3QucGhwPT09QGRhaWx5
```

By default, the task is run in an attached container - as supported by the scheduler. To run in a background detached container, specify the `--detach` flag:

```shell
dokku cron:run node-js-app cGhwPT09cGhwIHRlc3QucGhwPT09QGRhaWx5 --detach
```

All one-off cron executions have their containers terminated after invocation.

#### Displaying reports

You can get a report about the cron configuration for apps using the `cron:report` command:

```shell
dokku cron:report
```

```
=====> node-js-app cron information
       Cron task count:               2
=====> python-sample cron information
       Cron task count:               0
=====> ruby-sample cron information
       Cron task count:               10
```

You can run the command for a specific app also.

```shell
dokku cron:report node-js-app
```

```
=====> node-js-app cron information
       Cron task count:               2
```

You can pass flags which will output only the value of the specific information you want. For example:

```shell
dokku cron:report node-js-app --cron-task-count
```

### Self Managed Cron

> [!WARNING]
> Self-managed cron tasks should be considered advanced usage. While the instructions are available, users are highly encouraged to use the built-in scheduled cron task support unless absolutely necessary.

Some installations may require more fine-grained control over cron usage. The following are advanced instructions for configuring cron.

#### Using `run` for cron tasks

You can always use a one-off container to run an app task:

```shell
dokku run node-js-app some-command
```

For tasks that should not be interrupted, run is the _preferred_ method of handling cron tasks, as the container will continue running even during a deploy or scaling event. The trade-off is that there will be an increase in memory usage if there are multiple concurrent tasks running.

#### Using `enter` for cron tasks

Your Procfile can have the following entry:

```Procfile
cron: sleep infinity
```

With the `cron` process scaled to `1`:

```shell
dokku ps:scale node-js-app cron=1
```

You can now run all your commands in that container:

```shell
dokku enter node-js-app cron some-command
```

Note that you can also run multiple commands at the same time to reduce memory usage, though that may result in polluting the container environment.

For tasks that will properly resume, you _should_ use the above method, as running tasks will be interrupted during deploys and scaling events, and subsequent commands will always run with the latest container. Note that if you scale the cron container down, this may interrupt proper running of the task.

#### General cron recommendations

Regularly scheduled tasks can be a bit of a pain with Dokku. The following are general recommendations to follow to help ensure successful task runs.

- Use the `dokku` user in your cron entry.
    - If you do not, the `dokku` binary will attempt to execute with `sudo`, and your cron run with fail with `sudo: no tty present and no askpass program specified`.
- Add a `MAILTO` environment variable to ship cron emails to yourself.
- Add a `PATH` environment variable or specify the full path to binaries on the host.
- Add a `SHELL` environment variable to specify Bash when running commands.
- Keep your cron tasks in time-sorted order.
- Keep your server time in UTC so you don't need to translate daylight savings time when reading the cronfile.
- Run tasks at the lowest traffic times if possible.
- Use cron to _trigger_ jobs, not run them. Use a real queuing system such as rabbitmq to actually process jobs.
- Try to keep tasks quiet so that mails only send on errors.
- Do not silence standard error or standard out. If you silence the former, you will miss failures. Silencing the latter means you should actually make app changes to handle log levels.
- Use a service such as [Dead Man's Snitch](https://deadmanssnitch.com) to verify that cron tasks completed successfully.
- Add lots of comments to your cronfile, including what a task is doing, so that you don't spend time deciphering the file later.
- Place your cronfiles in a pattern such as `/etc/cron.d/APP`.
- Do not use non-ASCII characters in your cronfile names. cron is finicky.
- Remember to have trailing newlines in your cronfile! cron is finicky.

The following is a sample cronfile that you can use for your apps:

```cron
# server cron jobs
MAILTO="mail@dokku.me"
PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin
SHELL=/bin/bash

# m   h   dom mon dow   username command
# *   *   *   *   *     dokku    command to be executed
# -   -   -   -   -
# |   |   |   |   |
# |   |   |   |   +----- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0)
# |   |   |   +------- month (1 - 12)
# |   |   +--------- day of month (1 - 31)
# |   +----------- hour (0 - 23)
# +----------- min (0 - 59)

### HIGH TRAFFIC TIME IS B/W 00:00 - 04:00 AND 14:00 - 23:59
### RUN YOUR TASKS FROM 04:00 - 14:00
### KEEP SORTED IN TIME ORDER

### PLACE ALL CRON TASKS BELOW

# removes unresponsive users from the subscriber list to decrease bounce rates
0 0 * * * dokku dokku run node-js-app some-command

# sends out our email alerts to users
0 1 * * * dokku dokku ps:scale node-js-app cron=1 && dokku enter node-js-app cron some-other-command && dokku ps:scale node-js-app cron=0

### PLACE ALL CRON TASKS ABOVE, DO NOT REMOVE THE WHITESPACE AFTER THIS LINE

```
