diff --git a/desktop/src/components/channels/channel-container-node.tsx b/desktop/src/components/channels/channel-container-node.tsx
index 7ad27736..6eebe813 100644
--- a/desktop/src/components/channels/channel-container-node.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/components/channels/channel-container-node.tsx
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import React from 'react';
-import { Node } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNode } from '@/types/nodes';
 import { Conversation } from '@/components/messages/conversation';
 
 interface ChannelContainerNodeProps {
-  node: Node;
+  node: LocalNode;
 }
 
 export const ChannelContainerNode = ({ node }: ChannelContainerNodeProps) => {
diff --git a/desktop/src/components/channels/channel-sidebar-node.tsx b/desktop/src/components/channels/channel-sidebar-node.tsx
index a0ad70f4..7b87f0bb 100644
--- a/desktop/src/components/channels/channel-sidebar-node.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/components/channels/channel-sidebar-node.tsx
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 import React from 'react';
-import { Node } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNode } from '@/types/nodes';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
 import { Avatar } from '@/components/ui/avatar';
 import { Icon } from '@/components/ui/icon';
 import { useWorkspace } from '@/contexts/workspace';
 
 interface ChannelSidebarNodeProps {
-  node: Node;
+  node: LocalNode;
 }
 
 export const ChannelSidebarNode = ({ node }: ChannelSidebarNodeProps) => {
diff --git a/desktop/src/components/documents/document-editor.tsx b/desktop/src/components/documents/document-editor.tsx
index ddf4a557..97e3aa81 100644
--- a/desktop/src/components/documents/document-editor.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/components/documents/document-editor.tsx
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ import {
 } from '@/editor/extensions';
 
 import { EditorBubbleMenu } from '@/editor/menu/bubble-menu';
-import { Node } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNode } from '@/types/nodes';
 import {
   editorNodeMapEquals,
   mapEditorNodesToJSONContent,
@@ -57,17 +57,12 @@ import {
 import { EditorNode } from '@/types/editor';
 import { Editor } from '@tiptap/core';
 import { debounce, isEqual } from 'lodash';
-import {
-  LocalCreateNodesMutation,
-  LocalDeleteNodesMutation,
-  LocalUpdateNodeMutation,
-} from '@/types/mutations';
 import { useWorkspace } from '@/contexts/workspace';
 import { NeuronId } from '@/lib/id';
 
 interface DocumentEditorProps {
-  node: Node;
-  nodes: Node[];
+  node: LocalNode;
+  nodes: LocalNode[];
 }
 
 export const DocumentEditor = ({ node, nodes }: DocumentEditorProps) => {
@@ -161,70 +156,59 @@ export const DocumentEditor = ({ node, nodes }: DocumentEditorProps) => {
         return;
       }
 
-      const createNodesMutation: LocalCreateNodesMutation = {
-        type: 'create_nodes',
-        data: {
-          nodes: [],
-        },
-      };
-      const updateNodeMutations: LocalUpdateNodeMutation[] = [];
-      const deleteNodesMutation: LocalDeleteNodesMutation = {
-        type: 'delete_nodes',
-        data: {
-          ids: [],
-        },
-      };
-
       for (const newEditorNode of newEditorNodes.values()) {
         const existingEditorNode = nodesSnapshot.current.get(newEditorNode.id);
         if (!existingEditorNode) {
-          createNodesMutation.data.nodes.push({
-            id: newEditorNode.id,
-            type: newEditorNode.type,
-            workspaceId: workspace.id,
-            parentId: newEditorNode.parentId,
-            index: newEditorNode.index,
-            attrs: newEditorNode.attrs,
-            content: newEditorNode.content,
-            createdAt: new Date().toISOString(),
-            createdBy: workspace.userId,
-            versionId: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Version),
-          });
-        } else if (!isEqual(existingEditorNode, newEditorNode)) {
-          updateNodeMutations.push({
-            type: 'update_node',
-            data: {
+          const query = workspace.schema
+            .insertInto('nodes')
+            .values({
               id: newEditorNode.id,
               type: newEditorNode.type,
-              parentId: newEditorNode.parentId,
+              parent_id: newEditorNode.parentId,
               index: newEditorNode.index,
-              attrs: newEditorNode.attrs,
-              content: newEditorNode.content,
-              updatedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
-              updatedBy: workspace.userId,
-              versionId: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Version),
-            },
-          });
-        }
-      }
+              attrs: newEditorNode.attrs
+                ? JSON.stringify(newEditorNode.attrs)
+                : null,
+              content: newEditorNode.content
+                ? JSON.stringify(newEditorNode.content)
+                : null,
+              created_at: new Date().toISOString(),
+              created_by: workspace.userId,
+              version_id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Version),
+            })
+            .compile();
 
-      for (const existingEditorNode of nodesSnapshot.current.values()) {
-        if (!newEditorNodes.has(existingEditorNode.id)) {
-          deleteNodesMutation.data.ids.push(existingEditorNode.id);
-        }
-      }
+          await workspace.mutate(query);
+        } else if (!isEqual(existingEditorNode, newEditorNode)) {
+          const updateNodeMutation = workspace.schema
+            .updateTable('nodes')
+            .set({
+              attrs: newEditorNode.attrs
+                ? JSON.stringify(newEditorNode.attrs)
+                : null,
+              content: newEditorNode.content
+                ? JSON.stringify(newEditorNode.content)
+                : null,
+            })
+            .compile();
 
-      if (createNodesMutation.data.nodes.length > 0) {
-        await workspace.mutate(createNodesMutation);
-      }
-
-      if (updateNodeMutations.length > 0) {
-        for (const updateNodeMutation of updateNodeMutations) {
           await workspace.mutate(updateNodeMutation);
         }
       }
 
-      if (deleteNodesMutation.data.ids.length > 0) {
+      const toDeleteIds: string[] = [];
+      for (const existingEditorNode of nodesSnapshot.current.values()) {
+        if (!newEditorNodes.has(existingEditorNode.id)) {
+          toDeleteIds.push(existingEditorNode.id);
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (toDeleteIds.length > 0) {
+        const deleteNodesMutation = workspace.schema
+          .deleteFrom('nodes')
+          .where('id', 'in', toDeleteIds)
+          .compile();
+
         await workspace.mutate(deleteNodesMutation);
       }
 
@@ -234,7 +218,7 @@ export const DocumentEditor = ({ node, nodes }: DocumentEditorProps) => {
   );
 
   const checkForRemoteChanges = React.useCallback(
-    debounce((remoteNodes: Node[], editor: Editor) => {
+    debounce((remoteNodes: LocalNode[], editor: Editor) => {
       const remoteEditorNodes = mapNodesToEditorNodes(remoteNodes);
       if (editorNodeMapEquals(remoteEditorNodes, nodesSnapshot.current)) {
         return;
diff --git a/desktop/src/components/documents/document.tsx b/desktop/src/components/documents/document.tsx
index bddbab77..f156cb74 100644
--- a/desktop/src/components/documents/document.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/components/documents/document.tsx
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 import React from 'react';
-import { Node } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNode } from '@/types/nodes';
 import { DocumentEditor } from './document-editor';
 import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query';
 import { sql } from 'kysely';
-import { NodesTableSchema } from '@/data/schemas/workspace';
+import { SelectNode } from '@/data/schemas/workspace';
 import { useWorkspace } from '@/contexts/workspace';
 import { mapNode } from '@/lib/nodes';
 
 interface DocumentProps {
-  node: Node;
+  node: LocalNode;
 }
 
 export const Document = ({ node }: DocumentProps) => {
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ export const Document = ({ node }: DocumentProps) => {
   const { data, isPending } = useQuery({
     queryKey: [`document:nodes:${node.id}`],
     queryFn: async ({ queryKey }) => {
-      const query = sql<NodesTableSchema>`
+      const query = sql<SelectNode>`
         WITH RECURSIVE document_hierarchy AS (
             SELECT *
             FROM nodes
diff --git a/desktop/src/components/messages/message-delete-button.tsx b/desktop/src/components/messages/message-delete-button.tsx
index 4c12a117..cafe1163 100644
--- a/desktop/src/components/messages/message-delete-button.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/components/messages/message-delete-button.tsx
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ export const MessageDeleteButton = ({ id }: MessageDeleteButtonProps) => {
   const [showDeleteModal, setShowDeleteModal] = React.useState(false);
   const { mutate, isPending } = useMutation({
     mutationFn: async (messageId: string) => {
-      await workspace.mutate({
-        type: 'delete_node',
-        data: {
-          id: messageId,
-        },
-      });
+      const mutation = workspace.schema
+        .deleteFrom('nodes')
+        .where('id', '=', messageId)
+        .compile();
+        
+      await workspace.mutate(mutation);
     },
   });
   const workspace = useWorkspace();
diff --git a/desktop/src/components/messages/message-reactions.tsx b/desktop/src/components/messages/message-reactions.tsx
index 910d0816..0aa6f0ae 100644
--- a/desktop/src/components/messages/message-reactions.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/components/messages/message-reactions.tsx
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import React from 'react';
-import { Node } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNode } from '@/types/nodes';
 
 interface MessageReactionsProps {
-  message: Node;
+  message: LocalNode;
   onReactionClick: (reaction: string) => void;
 }
 
diff --git a/desktop/src/components/pages/page-container-node.tsx b/desktop/src/components/pages/page-container-node.tsx
index 0aec5a98..ca074744 100644
--- a/desktop/src/components/pages/page-container-node.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/components/pages/page-container-node.tsx
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import React from 'react';
 import { ScrollArea } from '@/components/ui/scroll-area';
-import { Node } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNode } from '@/types/nodes';
 import { Document } from '@/components/documents/document';
 
 interface PageContainerNodeProps {
-  node: Node;
+  node: LocalNode;
 }
 
 export const PageContainerNode = ({ node }: PageContainerNodeProps) => {
diff --git a/desktop/src/components/pages/page-sidebar-node.tsx b/desktop/src/components/pages/page-sidebar-node.tsx
index 76c1271a..e906bc16 100644
--- a/desktop/src/components/pages/page-sidebar-node.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/components/pages/page-sidebar-node.tsx
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 import React from 'react';
-import { Node } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNode } from '@/types/nodes';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
 import { Avatar } from '@/components/ui/avatar';
 import { Icon } from '@/components/ui/icon';
 import { useWorkspace } from '@/contexts/workspace';
 
 interface PageSidebarNodeProps {
-  node: Node;
+  node: LocalNode;
 }
 
 export const PageSidebarNode = ({ node }: PageSidebarNodeProps) => {
diff --git a/desktop/src/components/spaces/space-create-dialog.tsx b/desktop/src/components/spaces/space-create-dialog.tsx
index b9d837ab..75f90ac8 100644
--- a/desktop/src/components/spaces/space-create-dialog.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/components/spaces/space-create-dialog.tsx
@@ -56,56 +56,54 @@ export const SpaceCreateDialog = ({
       const spaceId = NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Space);
       const firstIndex = generateNodeIndex(null, null);
       const secondIndex = generateNodeIndex(firstIndex, null);
-      await workspace.mutate({
-        type: 'create_nodes',
-        data: {
-          nodes: [
-            {
-              id: spaceId,
-              type: NodeTypes.Space,
-              parentId: null,
-              workspaceId: workspace.id,
-              index: generateNodeIndex(null, null),
-              attrs: {
-                name: values.name,
-                description: values.description,
-              },
-              content: null,
-              createdAt: new Date().toISOString(),
-              createdBy: workspace.userId,
-              versionId: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Version),
-            },
-            {
-              id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Page),
-              type: NodeTypes.Page,
-              parentId: spaceId,
-              workspaceId: workspace.id,
-              index: firstIndex,
-              attrs: {
-                name: 'Home',
-              },
-              content: null,
-              createdAt: new Date().toISOString(),
-              createdBy: workspace.userId,
-              versionId: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Version),
-            },
-            {
-              id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Channel),
-              type: NodeTypes.Channel,
-              parentId: spaceId,
-              workspaceId: workspace.id,
-              index: secondIndex,
-              attrs: {
-                name: 'Discussions',
-              },
-              content: null,
-              createdAt: new Date().toISOString(),
-              createdBy: workspace.userId,
-              versionId: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Version),
-            },
-          ],
-        },
-      });
+      const query = workspace
+        .schema
+        .insertInto('nodes')
+        .values([
+          {
+            id: spaceId,
+            type: NodeTypes.Space,
+            parent_id: null,
+            index: generateNodeIndex(null, null),
+            attrs: JSON.stringify({
+              name: values.name,
+              description: values.description,
+            }),
+            content: null,
+            created_at: new Date().toISOString(),
+            created_by: workspace.userId,
+            version_id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Version),
+          },
+          {
+            id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Page),
+            type: NodeTypes.Page,
+            parent_id: spaceId,
+            index: firstIndex,
+            attrs: JSON.stringify({
+              name: 'Home',
+            }),
+            content: null,
+            created_at: new Date().toISOString(),
+            created_by: workspace.userId,
+            version_id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Version),
+          },
+          {
+            id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Channel),
+            type: NodeTypes.Channel,
+            parent_id: spaceId,
+            index: secondIndex,
+            attrs: JSON.stringify({
+              name: 'Discussions',
+            }),
+            content: null,
+            created_at: new Date().toISOString(),
+            created_by: workspace.userId,
+            version_id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Version),
+          },
+        ])
+        .compile();
+
+      await workspace.mutate(query);
     },
   });
 
diff --git a/desktop/src/components/spaces/space-sidebar-node.tsx b/desktop/src/components/spaces/space-sidebar-node.tsx
index 93f7684d..29e6dc21 100644
--- a/desktop/src/components/spaces/space-sidebar-node.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/components/spaces/space-sidebar-node.tsx
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 import React from 'react';
-import { Node } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNode } from '@/types/nodes';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
 import { Avatar } from '@/components/ui/avatar';
 import { Icon } from '@/components/ui/icon';
 import { SidebarNodeChildren } from '@/components/workspaces/sidebar-node-children';
 
 interface SpaceSidebarNodeProps {
-  node: Node;
+  node: LocalNode;
 }
 
 export const SpaceSidebarNode = ({ node }: SpaceSidebarNodeProps) => {
diff --git a/desktop/src/components/workspaces/container-header.tsx b/desktop/src/components/workspaces/container-header.tsx
index 2495e413..83d76127 100644
--- a/desktop/src/components/workspaces/container-header.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/components/workspaces/container-header.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import React from 'react';
-import { Node } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNode } from '@/types/nodes';
 import { Avatar } from '@/components/ui/avatar';
 import {
   Breadcrumb,
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ import { debounce } from 'lodash';
 import { sql } from 'kysely';
 import { mapNode } from '@/lib/nodes';
 import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query';
-import { NodesTableSchema } from '@/data/schemas/workspace';
+import { SelectNode } from '@/data/schemas/workspace';
 import { NeuronId } from '@/lib/id';
 
 interface BreadcrumbNodeProps {
-  node: Node;
+  node: LocalNode;
   className?: string;
 }
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ const BreadcrumbNode = ({ node, className }: BreadcrumbNodeProps) => {
 };
 
 interface BreadcrumbNodeEditorProps {
-  node: Node;
+  node: LocalNode;
 }
 
 export const BreadcrumbNodeEditor = ({ node }: BreadcrumbNodeEditorProps) => {
@@ -60,23 +60,21 @@ export const BreadcrumbNodeEditor = ({ node }: BreadcrumbNodeEditorProps) => {
   const handleNameChange = React.useMemo(
     () =>
       debounce(async (newName: string) => {
-        await workspace.mutate({
-          type: 'update_node',
-          data: {
-            id: node.id,
-            type: node.type,
-            index: node.index,
-            content: node.content,
-            attrs: {
-              ...node.attrs,
-              name: newName,
-            },
-            parentId: node.parentId,
-            updatedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
-            updatedBy: workspace.userId,
-            versionId: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Version),
-          },
-        });
+        const newAttrs = {
+          ...node.attrs,
+          name: newName,
+        };
+        const query = workspace.schema
+          .updateTable('nodes')
+          .set({
+            attrs: newAttrs ? JSON.stringify(newAttrs) : null,
+            updated_at: new Date().toISOString(),
+            updated_by: workspace.userId,
+            version_id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Version),
+          })
+          .compile();
+
+        await workspace.mutate(query);
       }, 500),
     [node.id],
   );
@@ -97,7 +95,7 @@ export const BreadcrumbNodeEditor = ({ node }: BreadcrumbNodeEditorProps) => {
 };
 
 interface ContainerHeaderProps {
-  node: Node;
+  node: LocalNode;
 }
 
 export const ContainerHeader = ({ node }: ContainerHeaderProps) => {
@@ -105,7 +103,7 @@ export const ContainerHeader = ({ node }: ContainerHeaderProps) => {
   const { data, isPending } = useQuery({
     queryKey: [`breadcrumb:${node.id}`],
     queryFn: async ({ queryKey }) => {
-      const query = sql<NodesTableSchema>`
+      const query = sql<SelectNode>`
         WITH RECURSIVE breadcrumb AS (
           SELECT *
           FROM nodes
@@ -135,7 +133,7 @@ export const ContainerHeader = ({ node }: ContainerHeaderProps) => {
   const ellipsisNodes = showEllipsis ? breadcrumbNodes.slice(1, -1) : [];
   const lastNodes = showEllipsis ? breadcrumbNodes.slice(-1) : [];
 
-  const isClickable = (node: Node) => node.type !== NodeTypes.Space;
+  const isClickable = (node: LocalNode) => node.type !== NodeTypes.Space;
 
   return (
     <Breadcrumb className="mx-1 flex h-12 items-center justify-between border-b-2 border-gray-100 p-2 text-foreground/80">
diff --git a/desktop/src/components/workspaces/sidebar-node-children.tsx b/desktop/src/components/workspaces/sidebar-node-children.tsx
index c1d4dc16..cda192d8 100644
--- a/desktop/src/components/workspaces/sidebar-node-children.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/components/workspaces/sidebar-node-children.tsx
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 import React from 'react';
-import { Node } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNode } from '@/types/nodes';
 import { SidebarNode } from '@/components/workspaces/sidebar-node';
 import { useSidebar } from '@/contexts/sidebar';
 
 interface SidebarNodeChildrenProps {
-  node: Node;
+  node: LocalNode;
 }
 
 export const SidebarNodeChildren = ({ node }: SidebarNodeChildrenProps) => {
   const sidebar = useSidebar();
-  const children: Node[] = sidebar.nodes
+  const children: LocalNode[] = sidebar.nodes
     .filter((n) => n.parentId === node.id)
     .sort((a, b) => {
       if (a.index < b.index) {
diff --git a/desktop/src/components/workspaces/sidebar-node.tsx b/desktop/src/components/workspaces/sidebar-node.tsx
index 02b52a50..d77e63e6 100644
--- a/desktop/src/components/workspaces/sidebar-node.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/components/workspaces/sidebar-node.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import React from 'react';
-import { Node } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNode } from '@/types/nodes';
 import { match } from 'ts-pattern';
 import { SpaceSidebarNode } from '@/components/spaces/space-sidebar-node';
 import { NodeTypes } from '@/lib/constants';
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import { ChannelSidebarNode } from '@/components/channels/channel-sidebar-node';
 import { PageSidebarNode } from '@/components/pages/page-sidebar-node';
 
 interface SidebarNodeProps {
-  node: Node;
+  node: LocalNode;
 }
 
 export const SidebarNode = ({ node }: SidebarNodeProps): React.ReactNode => {
diff --git a/desktop/src/components/workspaces/sidebar.tsx b/desktop/src/components/workspaces/sidebar.tsx
index 0ebc5443..47b8c7a4 100644
--- a/desktop/src/components/workspaces/sidebar.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/components/workspaces/sidebar.tsx
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { SidebarHeader } from '@/components/workspaces/sidebar-header';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
 import { Icon } from '@/components/ui/icon';
 import { SidebarSpaces } from '@/components/workspaces/sidebar-spaces';
-import { Node } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNode } from '@/types/nodes';
 import { SidebarContext } from '@/contexts/sidebar';
 import { Spinner } from '@/components/ui/spinner';
 import { mapNode } from '@/lib/nodes';
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ export const Sidebar = () => {
   }
 
   const currentLayout = 'spaces';
-  const nodes: Node[] = data?.rows.map((row) => mapNode(row)) ?? [];
+  const nodes: LocalNode[] = data?.rows.map((row) => mapNode(row)) ?? [];
 
   return (
     <SidebarContext.Provider
diff --git a/desktop/src/contexts/sidebar.ts b/desktop/src/contexts/sidebar.ts
index fa2f566c..b9112ba4 100644
--- a/desktop/src/contexts/sidebar.ts
+++ b/desktop/src/contexts/sidebar.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import { createContext, useContext } from 'react';
-import { Node } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNode } from '@/types/nodes';
 
 interface SidebarContext {
-  nodes: Node[];
+  nodes: LocalNode[];
 }
 
 export const SidebarContext = createContext<SidebarContext>(
diff --git a/desktop/src/contexts/workspace.ts b/desktop/src/contexts/workspace.ts
index 5bd400f8..2b8f0cbc 100644
--- a/desktop/src/contexts/workspace.ts
+++ b/desktop/src/contexts/workspace.ts
@@ -2,11 +2,10 @@ import { createContext, useContext } from 'react';
 import { Workspace } from '@/types/workspaces';
 import { CompiledQuery, Kysely, QueryResult } from 'kysely';
 import { WorkspaceDatabaseSchema } from '@/data/schemas/workspace';
-import { LocalMutation } from '@/types/mutations';
 
 interface WorkspaceContext extends Workspace {
   schema: Kysely<WorkspaceDatabaseSchema>;
-  mutate: (mutation: LocalMutation) => Promise<void>;
+  mutate: (mutation: CompiledQuery) => Promise<void>;
   query: <R>(query: CompiledQuery<R>) => Promise<QueryResult<R>>;
   queryAndSubscribe: <R>(
     queryId: string,
diff --git a/desktop/src/data/account-manager.ts b/desktop/src/data/account-manager.ts
index 4a6ab2a0..1d6e60e7 100644
--- a/desktop/src/data/account-manager.ts
+++ b/desktop/src/data/account-manager.ts
@@ -103,7 +103,6 @@ export class AccountManager {
 
   public async executeEventLoop(): Promise<void> {
     this.socket.checkConnection();
-
     for (const workspace of this.workspaces.values()) {
       if (!workspace.isSynced()) {
         const synced = await workspace.sync();
diff --git a/desktop/src/data/app-manager.ts b/desktop/src/data/app-manager.ts
index f88fa61b..d6f02c44 100644
--- a/desktop/src/data/app-manager.ts
+++ b/desktop/src/data/app-manager.ts
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class AppManager {
     this.subscribers = new Map();
 
     const dialect = new SqliteDialect({
-      database: buildSqlite(`${this.appPath}/global.db`),
+      database: buildSqlite(`${this.appPath}/app.db`),
     });
 
     this.database = new Kysely<AppDatabaseSchema>({
diff --git a/desktop/src/data/migrations/workspace.ts b/desktop/src/data/migrations/workspace.ts
index 475f34c6..2590d77f 100644
--- a/desktop/src/data/migrations/workspace.ts
+++ b/desktop/src/data/migrations/workspace.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-import { Migration } from 'kysely';
+import { Migration, sql } from 'kysely';
 
 const createNodesTable: Migration = {
   up: async (db) => {
     await db.schema
       .createTable('nodes')
       .addColumn('id', 'text', (col) => col.notNull().primaryKey())
-      .addColumn('workspace_id', 'text', (col) => col.notNull())
       .addColumn('parent_id', 'text', (col) =>
         col.references('nodes.id').onDelete('cascade'),
       )
@@ -33,8 +32,10 @@ const createMutationsTable: Migration = {
     await db.schema
       .createTable('mutations')
       .addColumn('id', 'integer', (col) => col.notNull().primaryKey())
-      .addColumn('type', 'text', (col) => col.notNull())
-      .addColumn('data', 'text', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('table', 'text', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('action', 'text', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('before', 'text')
+      .addColumn('after', 'text')
       .addColumn('created_at', 'text', (col) => col.notNull())
       .execute();
   },
@@ -43,7 +44,139 @@ const createMutationsTable: Migration = {
   },
 };
 
+const createNodesInsertTrigger: Migration = {
+  up: async (db) => {
+    await sql`
+      CREATE TRIGGER after_insert_nodes
+      AFTER INSERT ON nodes
+      FOR EACH ROW
+      WHEN NEW.server_version_id is null
+      BEGIN
+          INSERT INTO mutations ('action', 'table', 'after', 'created_at')
+          VALUES (
+              'insert',
+              'nodes',
+              json_object(
+                  'id', NEW.'id',
+                  'parent_id', NEW.'parent_id',
+                  'type', NEW.'type',
+                  'index', NEW.'index',
+                  'attrs', NEW.'attrs',
+                  'content', NEW.'content',
+                  'created_at', NEW.'created_at',
+                  'updated_at', NEW.'updated_at',
+                  'created_by', NEW.'created_by',
+                  'updated_by', NEW.'updated_by',
+                  'version_id', NEW.'version_id',
+                  'server_created_at', NEW.'server_created_at',
+                  'server_updated_at', NEW.'server_updated_at',
+                  'server_version_id', NEW.'server_version_id'
+              ),
+              datetime('now')
+          );
+      END;
+    `.execute(db);
+  },
+  down: async (db) => {
+    await sql`DROP TRIGGER after_insert_nodes`.execute(db);
+  },
+};
+
+const createNodesUpdateTrigger: Migration = {
+  up: async (db) => {
+    await sql`
+      CREATE TRIGGER after_update_nodes
+      AFTER UPDATE ON nodes
+      FOR EACH ROW
+      WHEN NEW.version_id != NEW.server_version_id
+      BEGIN
+          INSERT INTO mutations ('action', 'table', 'before', 'after', 'created_at')
+          VALUES (
+              'update',
+              'nodes',
+              json_object(
+                  'id', OLD.'id',
+                  'parent_id', OLD.'parent_id',
+                  'type', OLD.'type',
+                  'index', OLD.'index',
+                  'attrs', OLD.'attrs',
+                  'content', OLD.'content',
+                  'created_at', OLD.'created_at',
+                  'updated_at', OLD.'updated_at',
+                  'created_by', OLD.'created_by',
+                  'updated_by', OLD.'updated_by',
+                  'version_id', OLD.'version_id',
+                  'server_created_at', OLD.'server_created_at',
+                  'server_updated_at', OLD.'server_updated_at',
+                  'server_version_id', OLD.'server_version_id'
+              ),
+              json_object(
+                  'id', NEW.'id',
+                  'parent_id', NEW.'parent_id',
+                  'type', NEW.'type',
+                  'index', NEW.'index',
+                  'attrs', NEW.'attrs',
+                  'content', NEW.'content',
+                  'created_at', NEW.'created_at',
+                  'updated_at', NEW.'updated_at',
+                  'created_by', NEW.'created_by',
+                  'updated_by', NEW.'updated_by',
+                  'version_id', NEW.'version_id',
+                  'server_created_at', NEW.'server_created_at',
+                  'server_updated_at', NEW.'server_updated_at',
+                  'server_version_id', NEW.'server_version_id'
+              ),
+              datetime('now')
+          );
+      END;
+    `.execute(db);
+  },
+  down: async (db) => {
+    await sql`DROP TRIGGER after_update_nodes`.execute(db);
+  },
+};
+
+const createDeleteNodesTrigger: Migration = {
+  up: async (db) => {
+    await sql`
+      CREATE TRIGGER after_delete_nodes
+      AFTER DELETE ON nodes
+      FOR EACH ROW
+      BEGIN
+          INSERT INTO mutations ('action', 'table', 'before', 'created_at')
+          VALUES (
+              'delete',
+              'nodes',
+              json_object(
+                  'id', OLD.'id',
+                  'parent_id', OLD.'parent_id',
+                  'type', OLD.'type',
+                  'index', OLD.'index',
+                  'attrs', OLD.'attrs',
+                  'content', OLD.'content',
+                  'created_at', OLD.'created_at',
+                  'updated_at', OLD.'updated_at',
+                  'created_by', OLD.'created_by',
+                  'updated_by', OLD.'updated_by',
+                  'version_id', OLD.'version_id',
+                  'server_created_at', OLD.'server_created_at',
+                  'server_updated_at', OLD.'server_updated_at',
+                  'server_version_id', OLD.'server_version_id'
+              ),
+              datetime('now')
+          );
+      END;
+    `.execute(db);
+  },
+  down: async (db) => {
+    await sql`DROP TRIGGER after_delete_nodes`.execute(db);
+  },
+};
+
 export const workspaceDatabaseMigrations: Record<string, Migration> = {
   '202408011756_create_nodes_table': createNodesTable,
   '202408011757_create_mutations_table': createMutationsTable,
+  '202408011758_create_node_insert_trigger': createNodesInsertTrigger,
+  '202408011759_create_node_update_trigger': createNodesUpdateTrigger,
+  '202408011760_create_node_delete_trigger': createDeleteNodesTrigger,
 };
diff --git a/desktop/src/data/mutation-manager.ts b/desktop/src/data/mutation-manager.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 67d3a463..00000000
--- a/desktop/src/data/mutation-manager.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,395 +0,0 @@
-import { Kysely } from 'kysely';
-import {
-  NodesTableSchema,
-  WorkspaceDatabaseSchema,
-} from '@/data/schemas/workspace';
-import {
-  LocalMutation,
-  LocalDeleteNodesMutation,
-  LocalCreateNodeMutation,
-  LocalUpdateNodeMutation,
-  LocalDeleteNodeMutation,
-  LocalCreateNodesMutation,
-  ServerMutation,
-  ServerCreateNodeMutation,
-  ServerCreateNodesMutation,
-  ServerUpdateNodeMutation,
-} from '@/types/mutations';
-import { Workspace } from '@/types/workspaces';
-import { Node } from '@/types/nodes';
-import Axios, { AxiosInstance } from 'axios';
-import { NeuronId } from '@/lib/id';
-
-export class MutationManager {
-  private readonly workspace: Workspace;
-  private readonly database: Kysely<WorkspaceDatabaseSchema>;
-  private readonly axios: AxiosInstance;
-  private readonly mutationListeners: Map<
-    string,
-    (affectedTables: string[]) => void
-  >;
-
-  constructor(
-    axios: AxiosInstance,
-    workspace: Workspace,
-    database: Kysely<WorkspaceDatabaseSchema>,
-  ) {
-    this.workspace = workspace;
-    this.axios = axios;
-    this.database = database;
-    this.mutationListeners = new Map();
-  }
-
-  public onMutation(listener: (affectedTables: string[]) => void): void {
-    const id = NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Subscriber);
-    this.mutationListeners.set(id, listener);
-  }
-
-  private notifyMutationListeners(affectedTables: string[]): void {
-    for (const listener of this.mutationListeners.values()) {
-      listener(affectedTables);
-    }
-  }
-
-  public async executeLocalMutation(mutation: LocalMutation): Promise<void> {
-    switch (mutation.type) {
-      case 'create_node':
-        return this.executeLocalCreateNodeMutation(mutation);
-      case 'create_nodes':
-        return this.executeLocalCreateNodesMutation(mutation);
-      case 'update_node':
-        return this.executeLocalUpdateNodeMutation(mutation);
-      case 'delete_node':
-        return this.executeLocalDeleteNodeMutation(mutation);
-      case 'delete_nodes':
-        return this.executeLocalDeleteNodesMutation(mutation);
-    }
-  }
-
-  private async executeLocalCreateNodeMutation(
-    mutation: LocalCreateNodeMutation,
-  ): Promise<void> {
-    await this.database.transaction().execute(async (trx) => {
-      const node = mutation.data.node;
-      await trx
-        .insertInto('nodes')
-        .values({
-          id: node.id,
-          type: node.type,
-          parent_id: node.parentId,
-          workspace_id: node.workspaceId,
-          index: node.index,
-          content: node.content ? JSON.stringify(node.content) : null,
-          attrs: node.attrs ? JSON.stringify(node.attrs) : null,
-          created_at: node.createdAt,
-          created_by: node.createdBy,
-          version_id: node.versionId,
-        })
-        .execute();
-
-      await trx
-        .insertInto('mutations')
-        .values({
-          type: mutation.type,
-          data: JSON.stringify(mutation.data),
-          created_at: new Date().toISOString(),
-        })
-        .execute();
-    });
-
-    this.notifyMutationListeners(['nodes']);
-  }
-
-  private async executeLocalCreateNodesMutation(
-    mutation: LocalCreateNodesMutation,
-  ): Promise<void> {
-    await this.database.transaction().execute(async (trx) => {
-      const data = mutation.data;
-      await trx
-        .insertInto('nodes')
-        .values(
-          data.nodes.map((node) => ({
-            id: node.id,
-            type: node.type,
-            parent_id: node.parentId,
-            workspace_id: node.workspaceId,
-            index: node.index,
-            content: node.content ? JSON.stringify(node.content) : null,
-            attrs: node.attrs ? JSON.stringify(node.attrs) : null,
-            created_at: node.createdAt,
-            created_by: node.createdBy,
-            version_id: node.versionId,
-          })),
-        )
-        .execute();
-
-      await trx
-        .insertInto('mutations')
-        .values({
-          type: mutation.type,
-          data: JSON.stringify(mutation.data),
-          created_at: new Date().toISOString(),
-        })
-        .execute();
-    });
-
-    this.notifyMutationListeners(['nodes']);
-  }
-
-  private async executeLocalUpdateNodeMutation(
-    mutation: LocalUpdateNodeMutation,
-  ): Promise<void> {
-    await this.database.transaction().execute(async (trx) => {
-      const data = mutation.data;
-      await trx
-        .updateTable('nodes')
-        .set({
-          type: data.type,
-          parent_id: data.parentId,
-          index: data.index,
-          content: data.content ? JSON.stringify(data.content) : null,
-          attrs: data.attrs ? JSON.stringify(data.attrs) : null,
-          updated_at: data.updatedAt,
-          updated_by: data.updatedBy,
-          version_id: data.versionId,
-        })
-        .where('id', '=', data.id)
-        .execute();
-
-      await trx
-        .insertInto('mutations')
-        .values({
-          type: mutation.type,
-          data: JSON.stringify(mutation.data),
-          created_at: new Date().toISOString(),
-        })
-        .execute();
-    });
-
-    this.notifyMutationListeners(['nodes']);
-  }
-
-  private async executeLocalDeleteNodeMutation(
-    mutation: LocalDeleteNodeMutation,
-  ): Promise<void> {
-    await this.database.transaction().execute(async (trx) => {
-      await trx
-        .deleteFrom('nodes')
-        .where('id', '=', mutation.data.id)
-        .execute();
-
-      await trx
-        .insertInto('mutations')
-        .values({
-          type: mutation.type,
-          data: JSON.stringify(mutation.data),
-          created_at: new Date().toISOString(),
-        })
-        .execute();
-    });
-
-    this.notifyMutationListeners(['nodes']);
-  }
-
-  private async executeLocalDeleteNodesMutation(
-    mutation: LocalDeleteNodesMutation,
-  ): Promise<void> {
-    await this.database.transaction().execute(async (trx) => {
-      await trx
-        .deleteFrom('nodes')
-        .where('id', 'in', mutation.data.ids)
-        .execute();
-
-      await trx
-        .insertInto('mutations')
-        .values({
-          type: mutation.type,
-          data: JSON.stringify(mutation.data),
-          created_at: new Date().toISOString(),
-        })
-        .execute();
-    });
-
-    this.notifyMutationListeners(['nodes']);
-  }
-
-  public async executeServerMutation(mutation: ServerMutation): Promise<void> {
-    switch (mutation.type) {
-      case 'create_node':
-        return this.executeServerCreateNodeMutation(mutation);
-      case 'create_nodes':
-        return this.executeServerCreateNodesMutation(mutation);
-      case 'update_node':
-        return this.executeServerUpdateNodeMutation(mutation);
-      case 'delete_node':
-        return this.executeServerDeleteNodeMutation(mutation);
-      case 'delete_nodes':
-        return this.executeServerDeleteNodesMutation(mutation);
-    }
-  }
-
-  public async executeServerCreateNodeMutation(
-    mutation: ServerCreateNodeMutation,
-  ): Promise<void> {
-    const node = mutation.data.node;
-    await this.syncNodeFromServer(node);
-  }
-
-  public async executeServerCreateNodesMutation(
-    mutation: ServerCreateNodesMutation,
-  ): Promise<void> {
-    for (const node of mutation.data.nodes) {
-      await this.syncNodeFromServer(node);
-    }
-  }
-
-  public async executeServerUpdateNodeMutation(
-    mutation: ServerUpdateNodeMutation,
-  ): Promise<void> {
-    await this.syncNodeFromServer(mutation.data.node);
-  }
-
-  public async executeServerDeleteNodeMutation(
-    mutation: LocalDeleteNodeMutation,
-  ): Promise<void> {
-    await this.database
-      .deleteFrom('nodes')
-      .where('id', '=', mutation.data.id)
-      .execute();
-  }
-
-  public async executeServerDeleteNodesMutation(
-    mutation: LocalDeleteNodesMutation,
-  ): Promise<void> {
-    await this.database
-      .deleteFrom('nodes')
-      .where('id', 'in', mutation.data.ids)
-      .execute();
-
-    this.notifyMutationListeners(['nodes']);
-  }
-
-  public async syncNodeFromServer(node: Node): Promise<void> {
-    const existingNode = await this.database
-      .selectFrom('nodes')
-      .selectAll()
-      .where('id', '=', node.id)
-      .executeTakeFirst();
-
-    if (!existingNode) {
-      await this.database
-        .insertInto('nodes')
-        .values({
-          id: node.id,
-          type: node.type,
-          parent_id: node.parentId,
-          workspace_id: node.workspaceId,
-          index: node.index,
-          content: node.content ? JSON.stringify(node.content) : null,
-          attrs: node.attrs ? JSON.stringify(node.attrs) : null,
-          created_at: node.createdAt,
-          created_by: node.createdBy,
-          updated_by: node.updatedBy,
-          updated_at: node.updatedAt,
-          version_id: node.versionId,
-          server_created_at: node.serverCreatedAt,
-          server_updated_at: node.serverUpdatedAt,
-          server_version_id: node.serverVersionId,
-        })
-        .execute();
-
-      this.notifyMutationListeners(['nodes']);
-      return;
-    }
-
-    if (this.shouldUpdateNodeFromServer(existingNode, node)) {
-      await this.database
-        .updateTable('nodes')
-        .set({
-          type: node.type,
-          parent_id: node.parentId,
-          index: node.index,
-          content: node.content ? JSON.stringify(node.content) : null,
-          attrs: node.attrs ? JSON.stringify(node.attrs) : null,
-          updated_at: node.updatedAt,
-          updated_by: node.updatedBy,
-          version_id: node.versionId,
-          server_created_at: node.serverCreatedAt,
-          server_updated_at: node.serverUpdatedAt,
-          server_version_id: node.serverVersionId,
-        })
-        .where('id', '=', node.id)
-        .execute();
-
-      this.notifyMutationListeners(['nodes']);
-    }
-  }
-
-  public shouldUpdateNodeFromServer(
-    localNode: NodesTableSchema,
-    serverNode: Node,
-  ): boolean {
-    if (localNode.server_version_id === serverNode.serverVersionId) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    if (localNode.updated_at) {
-      if (!serverNode.updatedAt) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      const localUpdatedAt = new Date(localNode.updated_at);
-      const serverUpdatedAt = new Date(serverNode.updatedAt);
-
-      if (localUpdatedAt > serverUpdatedAt) {
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  public async sendMutations(): Promise<void> {
-    do {
-      const nextMutation = await this.database
-        .selectFrom('mutations')
-        .selectAll()
-        .orderBy('id')
-        .limit(1)
-        .executeTakeFirst();
-
-      if (!nextMutation) {
-        break;
-      }
-
-      try {
-        const { data, status } = await this.axios.post<ServerMutation>(
-          'v1/mutations',
-          {
-            workspaceId: this.workspace.id,
-            type: nextMutation.type,
-            data: JSON.parse(nextMutation.data),
-          },
-        );
-
-        if (status === 200) {
-          await this.database
-            .deleteFrom('mutations')
-            .where('id', '=', nextMutation.id)
-            .execute();
-
-          await this.executeServerMutation(data);
-        }
-      } catch (error) {
-        if (Axios.isAxiosError(error)) {
-          if (error.response?.status === 404) {
-            await this.database
-              .deleteFrom('mutations')
-              .where('id', '=', nextMutation.id)
-              .execute();
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    } while (true);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/desktop/src/data/schemas/app.ts b/desktop/src/data/schemas/app.ts
index e5369d92..64bc247c 100644
--- a/desktop/src/data/schemas/app.ts
+++ b/desktop/src/data/schemas/app.ts
@@ -1,25 +1,35 @@
-export interface AccountsTableSchema {
-  id: string;
-  name: string;
-  email: string;
-  avatar: string | null;
-  token: string;
-  device_id: string;
+import { ColumnType, Insertable, Selectable, Updateable } from 'kysely';
+
+interface AccountTable {
+  id: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  name: ColumnType<string, string, string>;
+  email: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  avatar: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  token: ColumnType<string, string, string>;
+  device_id: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
 }
 
-export interface WorkspacesTableSchema {
-  id: string;
-  account_id: string;
-  name: string;
-  description: string | null;
-  avatar: string | null;
-  version_id: string;
-  role: number;
-  user_id: string;
-  synced: number;
+export type SelectAccount = Selectable<AccountTable>;
+export type CreateAccount = Insertable<AccountTable>;
+export type UpdateAccount = Updateable<AccountTable>;
+
+interface WorkspaceTable {
+  id: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  account_id: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  name: ColumnType<string, string, string>;
+  description: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  avatar: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  version_id: ColumnType<string, string, string>;
+  role: ColumnType<number, number, number>;
+  user_id: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  synced: ColumnType<number, number, number>;
 }
 
+export type SelectWorkspace = Selectable<WorkspaceTable>;
+export type CreateWorkspace = Insertable<WorkspaceTable>;
+export type UpdateWorkspace = Updateable<WorkspaceTable>;
+
 export interface AppDatabaseSchema {
-  accounts: AccountsTableSchema;
-  workspaces: WorkspacesTableSchema;
+  accounts: AccountTable;
+  workspaces: WorkspaceTable;
 }
diff --git a/desktop/src/data/schemas/workspace.ts b/desktop/src/data/schemas/workspace.ts
index 48178fd5..a52140a9 100644
--- a/desktop/src/data/schemas/workspace.ts
+++ b/desktop/src/data/schemas/workspace.ts
@@ -1,29 +1,40 @@
-export interface NodesTableSchema {
-  id: string;
-  workspace_id: string;
-  parent_id: string | null;
-  type: string;
-  index: string | null;
-  attrs: string | null;
-  content: string | null;
-  created_at: string;
-  updated_at: string | null;
-  created_by: string;
-  updated_by: string | null;
-  version_id: string;
-  server_created_at: string | null;
-  server_updated_at: string | null;
-  server_version_id: string | null;
+import { ColumnType, Insertable, Selectable, Updateable } from 'kysely';
+
+interface NodeTable {
+  id: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  parent_id?: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  type: ColumnType<string, string, string>;
+  index: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  attrs: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  content: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  created_at: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  updated_at?: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  created_by: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  updated_by?: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  version_id: ColumnType<string, string, string>;
+  server_created_at?: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  server_updated_at?: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  server_version_id?: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
 }
 
-export interface MutationsTableSchema {
-  id: number;
-  type: string;
-  data: string;
-  created_at: string;
+export type SelectNode = Selectable<NodeTable>;
+export type CreateNode = Insertable<NodeTable>;
+export type UpdateNode = Updateable<NodeTable>;
+
+interface MutationTable {
+  id: ColumnType<number, never, never>;
+  table: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  action: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  before: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, never>;
+  after: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, never>;
+  created_at: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
 }
 
+export type SelectMutation = Selectable<MutationTable>;
+export type CreateMutation = Insertable<MutationTable>;
+export type UpdateMutation = Updateable<MutationTable>;
+
 export interface WorkspaceDatabaseSchema {
-  nodes: NodesTableSchema;
-  mutations: MutationsTableSchema;
+  nodes: NodeTable;
+  mutations: MutationTable;
 }
diff --git a/desktop/src/data/workspace-manager.ts b/desktop/src/data/workspace-manager.ts
index 14012e6b..53ee4f16 100644
--- a/desktop/src/data/workspace-manager.ts
+++ b/desktop/src/data/workspace-manager.ts
@@ -16,17 +16,21 @@ import {
   resultHasChanged,
 } from '@/data/utils';
 import { SubscribedQueryData } from '@/types/databases';
-import { LocalMutation, ServerMutation } from '@/types/mutations';
+import { ServerMutation } from '@/types/mutations';
 import { eventBus } from '@/lib/event-bus';
-import { MutationManager } from '@/data/mutation-manager';
 import { AxiosInstance } from 'axios';
+import { debounce } from 'lodash';
+import { ServerNode } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { SelectNode } from '@/data/schemas/workspace';
 
 export class WorkspaceManager {
   private readonly workspace: Workspace;
   private readonly axios: AxiosInstance;
   private readonly database: Kysely<WorkspaceDatabaseSchema>;
   private readonly subscribers: Map<string, SubscribedQueryData<unknown>>;
-  private readonly mutationManager: MutationManager;
+  private readonly debouncedNotifyQuerySubscribers: (
+    affectedTables: string[],
+  ) => void;
 
   constructor(workspace: Workspace, axios: AxiosInstance, accountPath: string) {
     this.workspace = workspace;
@@ -46,33 +50,10 @@ export class WorkspaceManager {
       dialect,
     });
 
-    this.mutationManager = new MutationManager(axios, workspace, this.database);
-
-    this.mutationManager.onMutation(async (affectedTables) => {
-      for (const [subscriberId, subscriberData] of this.subscribers) {
-        const hasAffectedTables = subscriberData.tables.some((table) =>
-          affectedTables.includes(table),
-        );
-
-        if (!hasAffectedTables) {
-          continue;
-        }
-
-        const newResult = await this.database.executeQuery(
-          subscriberData.query,
-        );
-
-        if (resultHasChanged(subscriberData.result, newResult)) {
-          eventBus.publish({
-            event: 'workspace_query_updated',
-            payload: {
-              queryId: subscriberId,
-              result: newResult,
-            },
-          });
-        }
-      }
-    });
+    this.debouncedNotifyQuerySubscribers = debounce(
+      this.notifyQuerySubscribers,
+      100,
+    );
   }
 
   public getWorkspace(): Workspace {
@@ -118,20 +99,96 @@ export class WorkspaceManager {
     return result;
   }
 
+  public async executeMutation(mutation: CompiledQuery): Promise<void> {
+    const result = await this.database.executeQuery(mutation);
+
+    if (result.numAffectedRows === 0n) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const affectedTables = extractTablesFromSql(mutation.sql);
+    if (affectedTables.length > 0) {
+      this.debouncedNotifyQuerySubscribers(affectedTables);
+    }
+  }
+
   public unsubscribeQuery(queryId: string): void {
     this.subscribers.delete(queryId);
   }
 
-  public async executeLocalMutation(mutation: LocalMutation): Promise<void> {
-    await this.mutationManager.executeLocalMutation(mutation);
-  }
+  private async notifyQuerySubscribers(
+    affectedTables: string[],
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    for (const [subscriberId, subscriberData] of this.subscribers) {
+      const hasAffectedTables = subscriberData.tables.some((table) =>
+        affectedTables.includes(table),
+      );
 
-  public async executeServerMutation(mutation: ServerMutation): Promise<void> {
-    await this.mutationManager.executeServerMutation(mutation);
+      if (!hasAffectedTables) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      const newResult = await this.database.executeQuery(subscriberData.query);
+
+      if (resultHasChanged(subscriberData.result, newResult)) {
+        eventBus.publish({
+          event: 'workspace_query_updated',
+          payload: {
+            queryId: subscriberId,
+            result: newResult,
+          },
+        });
+      }
+    }
   }
 
   public async sendMutations(): Promise<void> {
-    await this.mutationManager.sendMutations();
+    const mutations = await this.database
+      .selectFrom('mutations')
+      .selectAll()
+      .orderBy('id asc')
+      .limit(20)
+      .execute();
+
+    if (!mutations || mutations.length === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const { status } = await this.axios.post<ServerMutation>('v1/mutations', {
+        workspaceId: this.workspace.id,
+        mutations: mutations,
+      });
+
+      if (status === 200) {
+        const mutationIds = mutations.map((mutation) => mutation.id);
+        await this.database
+          .deleteFrom('mutations')
+          .where('id', 'in', mutationIds)
+          .execute();
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public async executeServerMutation(mutation: ServerMutation): Promise<void> {
+    if (mutation.table === 'nodes') {
+      if (mutation.action === 'insert' || mutation.action === 'update') {
+        const node = JSON.parse(mutation.after) as ServerNode;
+        await this.syncNodeFromServer(node);
+      } else if (mutation.action === 'delete') {
+        const node = JSON.parse(mutation.before) as ServerNode;
+        await this.database
+          .deleteFrom('nodes')
+          .where('id', '=', node.id)
+          .execute();
+
+        this.debouncedNotifyQuerySubscribers(['nodes']);
+      }
+    }
+
+    //other cases in the future
   }
 
   public isSynced(): boolean {
@@ -152,13 +209,93 @@ export class WorkspaceManager {
     }
 
     for (const node of data.nodes) {
-      await this.mutationManager.syncNodeFromServer(node);
+      await this.syncNodeFromServer(node);
     }
 
     this.workspace.synced = true;
     return true;
   }
 
+  public async syncNodeFromServer(node: ServerNode): Promise<void> {
+    console.log('Syncing node from server:', node);
+    const existingNode = await this.database
+      .selectFrom('nodes')
+      .selectAll()
+      .where('id', '=', node.id)
+      .executeTakeFirst();
+
+    if (!existingNode) {
+      await this.database
+        .insertInto('nodes')
+        .values({
+          id: node.id,
+          type: node.type,
+          parent_id: node.parentId,
+          index: node.index,
+          content: node.content ? JSON.stringify(node.content) : null,
+          attrs: node.attrs ? JSON.stringify(node.attrs) : null,
+          created_at: node.createdAt,
+          created_by: node.createdBy,
+          updated_by: node.updatedBy,
+          updated_at: node.updatedAt,
+          version_id: node.versionId,
+          server_created_at: node.serverCreatedAt,
+          server_updated_at: node.serverUpdatedAt,
+          server_version_id: node.versionId,
+        })
+        .execute();
+
+      this.debouncedNotifyQuerySubscribers(['nodes']);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (this.shouldUpdateNodeFromServer(existingNode, node)) {
+      await this.database
+        .updateTable('nodes')
+        .set({
+          type: node.type,
+          parent_id: node.parentId,
+          index: node.index,
+          content: node.content ? JSON.stringify(node.content) : null,
+          attrs: node.attrs ? JSON.stringify(node.attrs) : null,
+          updated_at: node.updatedAt,
+          updated_by: node.updatedBy,
+          version_id: node.versionId,
+          server_created_at: node.serverCreatedAt,
+          server_updated_at: node.serverUpdatedAt,
+          server_version_id: node.versionId,
+        })
+        .where('id', '=', node.id)
+        .execute();
+
+      this.debouncedNotifyQuerySubscribers(['nodes']);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public shouldUpdateNodeFromServer(
+    localNode: SelectNode,
+    serverNode: ServerNode,
+  ): boolean {
+    if (localNode.server_version_id === serverNode.versionId) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (localNode.updated_at) {
+      if (!serverNode.updatedAt) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      const localUpdatedAt = new Date(localNode.updated_at);
+      const serverUpdatedAt = new Date(serverNode.updatedAt);
+
+      if (localUpdatedAt > serverUpdatedAt) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
   private async migrate(): Promise<void> {
     const migrator = new Migrator({
       db: this.database,
diff --git a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/blockquote.tsx b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/blockquote.tsx
index 8f856003..55792e1c 100644
--- a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/blockquote.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/blockquote.tsx
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import React from 'react';
 import { defaultClasses } from '@/editor/classes';
 import { NodeChildrenRenderer } from '@/editor/renderers/node-children';
-import { NodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
 
 interface BlockquoteRendererProps {
-  node: NodeWithChildren;
+  node: LocalNodeWithChildren;
   keyPrefix: string | null;
 }
 
diff --git a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/bullet-list.tsx b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/bullet-list.tsx
index 826a3a2f..fdb9d9a6 100644
--- a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/bullet-list.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/bullet-list.tsx
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import React from 'react';
 import { defaultClasses } from '@/editor/classes';
 import { NodeChildrenRenderer } from '@/editor/renderers/node-children';
-import { NodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
 
 interface BulletListRendererProps {
-  node: NodeWithChildren;
+  node: LocalNodeWithChildren;
   keyPrefix: string | null;
 }
 
diff --git a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/code-block.tsx b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/code-block.tsx
index a400ca67..28765dc8 100644
--- a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/code-block.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/code-block.tsx
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ import React from 'react';
 
 import { Icon } from '@/components/ui/icon';
 import { defaultClasses } from '@/editor/classes';
-import { NodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
 import { highlightCode, languages } from '@/lib/lowlight';
 
 interface CodeBlockRendererProps {
-  node: NodeWithChildren;
+  node: LocalNodeWithChildren;
   keyPrefix: string | null;
 }
 
diff --git a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/document.tsx b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/document.tsx
index 30dcd477..fa90a32c 100644
--- a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/document.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/document.tsx
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import React from 'react';
 import { NodeChildrenRenderer } from '@/editor/renderers/node-children';
-import { NodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
 
 interface DocumentRendererProps {
-  node: NodeWithChildren;
+  node: LocalNodeWithChildren;
   keyPrefix: string | null;
 }
 
diff --git a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/heading.tsx b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/heading.tsx
index 6fda8cf0..0c7e653d 100644
--- a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/heading.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/heading.tsx
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import React from 'react';
 import { defaultClasses } from '@/editor/classes';
 import { NodeChildrenRenderer } from '@/editor/renderers/node-children';
-import { NodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
 
 interface HeadingRendererProps {
-  node: NodeWithChildren;
+  node: LocalNodeWithChildren;
   keyPrefix: string | null;
 }
 
diff --git a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/list-item.tsx b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/list-item.tsx
index e14f21e8..5389edc9 100644
--- a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/list-item.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/list-item.tsx
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import React from 'react';
 import { defaultClasses } from '@/editor/classes';
 import { NodeChildrenRenderer } from '@/editor/renderers/node-children';
-import { NodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
 
 interface ListItemRendererProps {
-  node: NodeWithChildren;
+  node: LocalNodeWithChildren;
   keyPrefix: string | null;
 }
 
diff --git a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/message.tsx b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/message.tsx
index 9844e549..2bafae83 100644
--- a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/message.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/message.tsx
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import React from 'react';
 import { NodeChildrenRenderer } from '@/editor/renderers/node-children';
-import { NodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
 
 interface MessageRendererProps {
-  node: NodeWithChildren;
+  node: LocalNodeWithChildren;
   keyPrefix: string | null;
 }
 
diff --git a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/node-children.tsx b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/node-children.tsx
index 87c56be8..b104cd94 100644
--- a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/node-children.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/node-children.tsx
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import React from 'react';
 
-import { NodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
 import { NodeBlockRenderer } from '@/editor/renderers/node-block';
 import { NodeRenderer } from '@/editor/renderers/node';
 
 interface NodeChildrenRendererProps {
-  node: NodeWithChildren;
+  node: LocalNodeWithChildren;
   keyPrefix: string | null;
 }
 
diff --git a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/node.tsx b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/node.tsx
index bf495947..4c83ac97 100644
--- a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/node.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/node.tsx
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ import { ParagraphRenderer } from '@/editor/renderers/paragraph';
 import { TaskItemRenderer } from '@/editor/renderers/task-item';
 import { TaskListRenderer } from '@/editor/renderers/task-list';
 import { TextRenderer } from '@/editor/renderers/text';
-import { NodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
 import { match } from 'ts-pattern';
 
 interface NodeRendererProps {
-  node: NodeWithChildren;
+  node: LocalNodeWithChildren;
   keyPrefix: string | null;
 }
 
diff --git a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/ordered-list.tsx b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/ordered-list.tsx
index 6af815e5..6df470dd 100644
--- a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/ordered-list.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/ordered-list.tsx
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import React from 'react';
 import { defaultClasses } from '@/editor/classes';
 import { NodeChildrenRenderer } from '@/editor/renderers/node-children';
-import { NodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
 
 interface OrderedListRendererProps {
-  node: NodeWithChildren;
+  node: LocalNodeWithChildren;
   keyPrefix: string | null;
 }
 
diff --git a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/paragraph.tsx b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/paragraph.tsx
index 0655eb8f..08a94a8c 100644
--- a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/paragraph.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/paragraph.tsx
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import React from 'react';
 import { defaultClasses } from '@/editor/classes';
 import { NodeChildrenRenderer } from '@/editor/renderers/node-children';
-import { NodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
 
 interface ParagraphRendererProps {
-  node: NodeWithChildren;
+  node: LocalNodeWithChildren;
   keyPrefix: string | null;
 }
 
diff --git a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/task-item.tsx b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/task-item.tsx
index 2f6532f0..09f3b1c8 100644
--- a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/task-item.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/task-item.tsx
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import React from 'react';
 import { defaultClasses } from '@/editor/classes';
 import { NodeChildrenRenderer } from '@/editor/renderers/node-children';
-import { NodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
 
 interface TaskItemRendererProps {
-  node: NodeWithChildren;
+  node: LocalNodeWithChildren;
   keyPrefix: string | null;
 }
 
diff --git a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/task-list.tsx b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/task-list.tsx
index aeba6d84..1e14023b 100644
--- a/desktop/src/editor/renderers/task-list.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/editor/renderers/task-list.tsx
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import React from 'react';
 import { defaultClasses } from '@/editor/classes';
 import { NodeChildrenRenderer } from '@/editor/renderers/node-children';
-import { NodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
 
 interface TaskListRendererProps {
-  node: NodeWithChildren;
+  node: LocalNodeWithChildren;
   keyPrefix: string | null;
 }
 
diff --git a/desktop/src/editor/utils.ts b/desktop/src/editor/utils.ts
index 7790f0ff..c8512f56 100644
--- a/desktop/src/editor/utils.ts
+++ b/desktop/src/editor/utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Node, NodeBlock } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNode, NodeBlock } from '@/types/nodes';
 import { JSONContent } from '@tiptap/core';
 import { NeuronId } from '@/lib/id';
 import { EditorNode } from '@/types/editor';
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import { isEqual } from 'lodash';
 import { generateNodeIndex } from '@/lib/nodes';
 
 export const mapNodesToEditorNodes = (
-  nodes: Node[],
+  nodes: LocalNode[],
 ): Map<string, EditorNode> => {
   const editorNodes = new Map<string, EditorNode>();
   for (const node of nodes) {
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ export const mapNodesToEditorNodes = (
   return editorNodes;
 };
 
-export const mapNodeToEditorNode = (node: Node): EditorNode => {
+export const mapNodeToEditorNode = (node: LocalNode): EditorNode => {
   return {
     id: node.id,
     type: node.type,
diff --git a/desktop/src/hooks/use-conversation.tsx b/desktop/src/hooks/use-conversation.tsx
index 603f4bdc..7f4e144f 100644
--- a/desktop/src/hooks/use-conversation.tsx
+++ b/desktop/src/hooks/use-conversation.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Node, NodeBlock } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNode, NodeBlock } from '@/types/nodes';
 import { useWorkspace } from '@/contexts/workspace';
 import { JSONContent } from '@tiptap/core';
 import { NeuronId } from '@/lib/id';
@@ -6,10 +6,9 @@ import { LeafNodeTypes, NodeTypes } from '@/lib/constants';
 import { buildNodeWithChildren, generateNodeIndex, mapNode } from '@/lib/nodes';
 import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query';
 import { sql } from 'kysely';
-import { NodesTableSchema } from '@/data/schemas/workspace';
+import { CreateNode, SelectNode } from '@/data/schemas/workspace';
 import { hashCode } from '@/lib/utils';
 import { MessageNode } from '@/types/messages';
-import { LocalCreateNodesMutation } from '@/types/mutations';
 
 interface useConversationResult {
   isLoading: boolean;
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ export const useConversation = (
   const messagesQuery = useQuery({
     queryKey: [`conversation:messages:${conversationId}`],
     queryFn: async ({ queryKey }) => {
-      const query = sql<NodesTableSchema>`
+      const query = sql<SelectNode>`
         WITH RECURSIVE conversation_hierarchy AS (
             SELECT *
             FROM nodes
@@ -74,22 +73,21 @@ export const useConversation = (
   });
 
   const createMessage = async (content: JSONContent) => {
-    const mutation: LocalCreateNodesMutation = {
-      type: 'create_nodes',
-      data: {
-        nodes: [],
-      },
-    };
+    const nodesToInsert: CreateNode[] = [];
 
     buildMessageCreateNodes(
-      mutation,
+      nodesToInsert,
       workspace.userId,
       workspace.id,
       conversationId,
       content,
     );
 
-    await workspace.mutate(mutation);
+    const query = workspace.schema
+      .insertInto('nodes')
+      .values(nodesToInsert)
+      .compile();
+    await workspace.mutate(query);
   };
 
   const conversationNodes =
@@ -107,9 +105,12 @@ export const useConversation = (
   };
 };
 
-const buildMessages = (nodes: Node[], authors: Node[]): MessageNode[] => {
+const buildMessages = (
+  nodes: LocalNode[],
+  authors: LocalNode[],
+): MessageNode[] => {
   const messages: MessageNode[] = [];
-  const authorMap = new Map<string, Node>();
+  const authorMap = new Map<string, LocalNode>();
 
   for (const author of authors) {
     authorMap.set(author.id, author);
@@ -142,7 +143,7 @@ const buildMessages = (nodes: Node[], authors: Node[]): MessageNode[] => {
 };
 
 const buildMessageCreateNodes = (
-  mutation: LocalCreateNodesMutation,
+  nodes: CreateNode[],
   userId: string,
   workspaceId: string,
   parentId: string,
@@ -183,31 +184,23 @@ const buildMessageCreateNodes = (
     nodeContent = null;
   }
 
-  mutation.data.nodes.push({
+  nodes.push({
     id: id,
-    parentId,
-    workspaceId: workspaceId,
+    parent_id: parentId,
     type: content.type,
-    attrs: attrs,
+    attrs: attrs ? JSON.stringify(attrs) : null,
     index: index,
-    content: nodeContent,
-    createdAt: new Date().toISOString(),
-    createdBy: userId,
-    versionId: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Version),
+    content: nodeContent ? JSON.stringify(nodeContent) : null,
+    created_at: new Date().toISOString(),
+    created_by: userId,
+    version_id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Version),
   });
 
   if (nodeContent == null && content.content && content.content.length > 0) {
     let lastIndex: string | null = null;
     for (const child of content.content) {
       lastIndex = generateNodeIndex(lastIndex, null);
-      buildMessageCreateNodes(
-        mutation,
-        userId,
-        workspaceId,
-        id,
-        child,
-        lastIndex,
-      );
+      buildMessageCreateNodes(nodes, userId, workspaceId, id, child, lastIndex);
     }
   }
 };
diff --git a/desktop/src/lib/nodes.ts b/desktop/src/lib/nodes.ts
index 0f921f6e..1a3c63ba 100644
--- a/desktop/src/lib/nodes.ts
+++ b/desktop/src/lib/nodes.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-import { NodesTableSchema } from '@/data/schemas/workspace';
-import { Node, NodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { SelectNode } from '@/data/schemas/workspace';
+import { LocalNode, LocalNodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
 import { generateKeyBetween } from 'fractional-indexing-jittered';
 
 export const buildNodeWithChildren = (
-  node: Node,
-  allNodes: Node[],
-): NodeWithChildren => {
-  const children: NodeWithChildren[] = allNodes
+  node: LocalNode,
+  allNodes: LocalNode[],
+): LocalNodeWithChildren => {
+  const children: LocalNodeWithChildren[] = allNodes
     .filter((n) => n.parentId === node.id)
     .map((n) => buildNodeWithChildren(n, allNodes));
 
@@ -26,15 +26,14 @@ export const generateNodeIndex = (
   return generateKeyBetween(lower, upper);
 };
 
-export const mapNode = (row: NodesTableSchema): Node => {
+export const mapNode = (row: SelectNode): LocalNode => {
   return {
     id: row.id,
     type: row.type,
     index: row.index,
     parentId: row.parent_id,
-    workspaceId: row.workspace_id,
-    attrs: row.attrs && JSON.parse(row.attrs),
-    content: row.content && JSON.parse(row.content),
+    attrs: row.attrs ? JSON.parse(row.attrs) : null,
+    content: row.content ? JSON.parse(row.content) : null,
     createdAt: row.created_at,
     createdBy: row.created_by,
     updatedAt: row.updated_at,
diff --git a/desktop/src/main.ts b/desktop/src/main.ts
index ec0f9ad4..7fb08058 100644
--- a/desktop/src/main.ts
+++ b/desktop/src/main.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import path from 'path';
 import { eventBus } from '@/lib/event-bus';
 import { appManager } from '@/data/app-manager';
 import { CompiledQuery, QueryResult } from 'kysely';
-import { LocalMutation } from '@/types/mutations';
 
 let subscriptionId: string | null = null;
 
@@ -105,7 +104,7 @@ ipcMain.handle(
     _,
     accountId: string,
     workspaceId: string,
-    mutation: LocalMutation,
+    mutation: CompiledQuery,
   ): Promise<void> => {
     const accountManager = await appManager.getAccount(accountId);
     if (!accountManager) {
@@ -117,7 +116,7 @@ ipcMain.handle(
       throw new Error(`Workspace not found: ${workspaceId}`);
     }
 
-    return await workspaceManager.executeLocalMutation(mutation);
+    return await workspaceManager.executeMutation(mutation);
   },
 );
 
diff --git a/desktop/src/preload.ts b/desktop/src/preload.ts
index 2b9be6c2..38415597 100644
--- a/desktop/src/preload.ts
+++ b/desktop/src/preload.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import { contextBridge, ipcRenderer } from 'electron';
 import { eventBus, Event } from '@/lib/event-bus';
 import { CompiledQuery, QueryResult } from 'kysely';
-import { LocalMutation } from '@/types/mutations';
 
 contextBridge.exposeInMainWorld('neuron', {
   init: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('init'),
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ contextBridge.exposeInMainWorld('neuron', {
   executeWorkspaceMutation: (
     accountId: string,
     workspaceId: string,
-    mutation: LocalMutation,
+    mutation: CompiledQuery,
   ): Promise<void> =>
     ipcRenderer.invoke(
       'execute-workspace-mutation',
diff --git a/desktop/src/types/messages.ts b/desktop/src/types/messages.ts
index 49df0f72..56e05711 100644
--- a/desktop/src/types/messages.ts
+++ b/desktop/src/types/messages.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import { Node, NodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNode, LocalNodeWithChildren } from '@/types/nodes';
 
-export type MessageNode = NodeWithChildren & {
-  author?: Node | null;
+export type MessageNode = LocalNodeWithChildren & {
+  author?: LocalNode | null;
 };
diff --git a/desktop/src/types/mutations.ts b/desktop/src/types/mutations.ts
index c3e0224e..4ef6c246 100644
--- a/desktop/src/types/mutations.ts
+++ b/desktop/src/types/mutations.ts
@@ -1,121 +1,8 @@
-import { Node, NodeBlock } from '@/types/nodes';
-
-export type LocalMutation =
-  | LocalCreateNodeMutation
-  | LocalCreateNodesMutation
-  | LocalUpdateNodeMutation
-  | LocalDeleteNodeMutation
-  | LocalDeleteNodesMutation;
-
-export type LocalCreateNodeMutation = {
-  type: 'create_node';
-  data: {
-    node: LocalCreateNodeData;
-  };
-};
-
-export type LocalCreateNodesMutation = {
-  type: 'create_nodes';
-  data: {
-    nodes: LocalCreateNodeData[];
-  };
-};
-
-export type LocalCreateNodeData = {
+export type ServerMutation = {
   id: string;
-  type: string;
-  parentId: string | null;
+  table: string;
+  action: string;
   workspaceId: string;
-  index: string | null;
-  content: NodeBlock[];
-  attrs: Record<string, any>;
-  createdAt: string;
-  createdBy: string;
-  versionId: string;
-};
-
-export type LocalUpdateNodeMutation = {
-  type: 'update_node';
-  data: {
-    id: string;
-    type: string;
-    parentId: string | null;
-    index: string | null;
-    content: NodeBlock[];
-    attrs: Record<string, any>;
-    updatedAt: string;
-    updatedBy: string;
-    versionId: string;
-  };
-};
-
-export type LocalDeleteNodeMutation = {
-  type: 'delete_node';
-  data: {
-    id: string;
-  };
-};
-
-export type LocalDeleteNodesMutation = {
-  type: 'delete_nodes';
-  data: {
-    ids: string[];
-  };
-};
-
-export type ServerMutation =
-  | ServerCreateNodeMutation
-  | ServerCreateNodesMutation
-  | ServerUpdateNodeMutation
-  | ServerDeleteNodeMutation
-  | ServerDeleteNodesMutation;
-
-export type ServerCreateNodeMutation = {
-  id: string;
-  type: 'create_node';
-  workspaceId: string;
-  data: {
-    node: Node;
-  };
-  createdAt: string;
-};
-
-export type ServerCreateNodesMutation = {
-  id: string;
-  type: 'create_nodes';
-  workspaceId: string;
-  data: {
-    nodes: Node[];
-  };
-  createdAt: string;
-};
-
-export type ServerUpdateNodeMutation = {
-  id: string;
-  type: 'update_node';
-  workspaceId: string;
-  data: {
-    node: Node;
-  };
-  createdAt: string;
-};
-
-export type ServerDeleteNodeMutation = {
-  id: string;
-  type: 'delete_node';
-  workspaceId: string;
-  data: {
-    id: string;
-  };
-  createdAt: string;
-};
-
-export type ServerDeleteNodesMutation = {
-  id: string;
-  type: 'delete_nodes';
-  workspaceId: string;
-  data: {
-    ids: string[];
-  };
-  createdAt: string;
+  before: any | null;
+  after: any | null;
 };
diff --git a/desktop/src/types/nodes.ts b/desktop/src/types/nodes.ts
index baff0517..9875ae05 100644
--- a/desktop/src/types/nodes.ts
+++ b/desktop/src/types/nodes.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-export type Node = {
+export type LocalNode = {
   id: string;
-  workspaceId: string;
   parentId?: string | null;
   type: string;
   index?: string | null;
@@ -27,6 +26,22 @@ export type NodeBlockMark = {
   attrs: any;
 };
 
-export type NodeWithChildren = Node & {
-  children: NodeWithChildren[];
+export type LocalNodeWithChildren = LocalNode & {
+  children: LocalNodeWithChildren[];
+};
+
+export type ServerNode = {
+  id: string;
+  parentId?: string | null;
+  type: string;
+  index?: string | null;
+  attrs?: Record<string, any> | null;
+  content?: NodeBlock[] | null;
+  createdAt: string;
+  createdBy: string;
+  updatedAt?: string | null;
+  updatedBy?: string | null;
+  versionId: string;
+  serverCreatedAt?: string | null;
+  serverUpdatedAt?: string | null;
 };
diff --git a/desktop/src/types/window.d.ts b/desktop/src/types/window.d.ts
index 3535097c..f0ca944a 100644
--- a/desktop/src/types/window.d.ts
+++ b/desktop/src/types/window.d.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { LocalMutationInput } from '@/types/mutations';
 interface NeuronApi {
   init: () => Promise<void>;
   logout: (accountId: string) => Promise<void>;
-  executeAppMutation: (mutation: LocalMutationInput) => Promise<void>;
+  executeAppMutation: (mutation: CompiledQuery) => Promise<void>;
   executeAppQuery: (query: CompiledQuery<R>) => Promise<QueryResult<R>>;
   executeAppQueryAndSubscribe: (
     queryId: string,
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ interface NeuronApi {
   executeWorkspaceMutation: (
     accountId: string,
     workspaceId: string,
-    input: LocalMutationInput,
+    mutation: CompiledQuery,
   ) => Promise<void>;
 
   executeWorkspaceQuery: (
diff --git a/desktop/src/types/workspaces.ts b/desktop/src/types/workspaces.ts
index 8375c5f6..05da5c4a 100644
--- a/desktop/src/types/workspaces.ts
+++ b/desktop/src/types/workspaces.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Node } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { LocalNode } from '@/types/nodes';
 
 export enum WorkspaceRole {
   Owner = 1,
@@ -20,5 +20,5 @@ export type Workspace = {
 };
 
 export type WorkspaceSyncData = {
-  nodes: Node[];
+  nodes: LocalNode[];
 };
diff --git a/server/package-lock.json b/server/package-lock.json
index cf4219f3..a2585161 100644
--- a/server/package-lock.json
+++ b/server/package-lock.json
@@ -9,14 +9,15 @@
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@prisma/client": "^5.17.0",
         "@types/cors": "^2.8.17",
-        "axios": "^1.7.2",
+        "axios": "^1.7.5",
         "bcrypt": "^5.1.1",
         "cors": "^2.8.5",
         "express": "^4.19.2",
         "jsonwebtoken": "^9.0.2",
         "kafkajs": "^2.2.4",
+        "kysely": "^0.27.4",
+        "pg": "^8.12.0",
         "postgres": "^3.4.4",
         "redis": "^4.7.0",
         "ulid": "^2.3.0",
@@ -26,12 +27,12 @@
         "@types/bcrypt": "^5.0.2",
         "@types/express": "^4.17.21",
         "@types/jsonwebtoken": "^9.0.6",
-        "@types/node": "^22.0.0",
+        "@types/node": "^22.5.1",
+        "@types/pg": "^8.11.7",
         "@types/ws": "^8.5.12",
         "concurrently": "^8.2.2",
         "nodemon": "^3.1.4",
         "prettier": "^3.3.3",
-        "prisma": "^5.17.0",
         "ts-node": "^10.9.2",
         "tsconfig-paths": "^4.2.0",
         "typescript": "^5.5.4"
@@ -111,74 +112,6 @@
         "node-pre-gyp": "bin/node-pre-gyp"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/@prisma/client": {
-      "version": "5.17.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@prisma/client/-/client-5.17.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-N2tnyKayT0Zf7mHjwEyE8iG7FwTmXDHFZ1GnNhQp0pJUObsuel4ZZ1XwfuAYkq5mRIiC/Kot0kt0tGCfLJ70Jw==",
-      "hasInstallScript": true,
-      "license": "Apache-2.0",
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=16.13"
-      },
-      "peerDependencies": {
-        "prisma": "*"
-      },
-      "peerDependenciesMeta": {
-        "prisma": {
-          "optional": true
-        }
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@prisma/debug": {
-      "version": "5.17.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@prisma/debug/-/debug-5.17.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-l7+AteR3P8FXiYyo496zkuoiJ5r9jLQEdUuxIxNCN1ud8rdbH3GTxm+f+dCyaSv9l9WY+29L9czaVRXz9mULfg==",
-      "devOptional": true,
-      "license": "Apache-2.0"
-    },
-    "node_modules/@prisma/engines": {
-      "version": "5.17.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@prisma/engines/-/engines-5.17.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-+r+Nf+JP210Jur+/X8SIPLtz+uW9YA4QO5IXA+KcSOBe/shT47bCcRMTYCbOESw3FFYFTwe7vU6KTWHKPiwvtg==",
-      "devOptional": true,
-      "hasInstallScript": true,
-      "license": "Apache-2.0",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@prisma/debug": "5.17.0",
-        "@prisma/engines-version": "5.17.0-31.393aa359c9ad4a4bb28630fb5613f9c281cde053",
-        "@prisma/fetch-engine": "5.17.0",
-        "@prisma/get-platform": "5.17.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@prisma/engines-version": {
-      "version": "5.17.0-31.393aa359c9ad4a4bb28630fb5613f9c281cde053",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@prisma/engines-version/-/engines-version-5.17.0-31.393aa359c9ad4a4bb28630fb5613f9c281cde053.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-tUuxZZysZDcrk5oaNOdrBnnkoTtmNQPkzINFDjz7eG6vcs9AVDmA/F6K5Plsb2aQc/l5M2EnFqn3htng9FA4hg==",
-      "devOptional": true,
-      "license": "Apache-2.0"
-    },
-    "node_modules/@prisma/fetch-engine": {
-      "version": "5.17.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@prisma/fetch-engine/-/fetch-engine-5.17.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-ESxiOaHuC488ilLPnrv/tM2KrPhQB5TRris/IeIV4ZvUuKeaicCl4Xj/JCQeG9IlxqOgf1cCg5h5vAzlewN91Q==",
-      "devOptional": true,
-      "license": "Apache-2.0",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@prisma/debug": "5.17.0",
-        "@prisma/engines-version": "5.17.0-31.393aa359c9ad4a4bb28630fb5613f9c281cde053",
-        "@prisma/get-platform": "5.17.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@prisma/get-platform": {
-      "version": "5.17.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@prisma/get-platform/-/get-platform-5.17.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-UlDgbRozCP1rfJ5Tlkf3Cnftb6srGrEQ4Nm3og+1Se2gWmCZ0hmPIi+tQikGDUVLlvOWx3Gyi9LzgRP+HTXV9w==",
-      "devOptional": true,
-      "license": "Apache-2.0",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@prisma/debug": "5.17.0"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/@redis/bloom": {
       "version": "1.2.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@redis/bloom/-/bloom-1.2.0.tgz",
@@ -357,12 +290,86 @@
       "license": "MIT"
     },
     "node_modules/@types/node": {
-      "version": "22.0.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/node/-/node-22.0.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-VT7KSYudcPOzP5Q0wfbowyNLaVR8QWUdw+088uFWwfvpY6uCWaXpqV6ieLAu9WBcnTa7H4Z5RLK8I5t2FuOcqw==",
+      "version": "22.5.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/node/-/node-22.5.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-KkHsxej0j9IW1KKOOAA/XBA0z08UFSrRQHErzEfA3Vgq57eXIMYboIlHJuYIfd+lwCQjtKqUu3UnmKbtUc9yRw==",
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
-        "undici-types": "~6.11.1"
+        "undici-types": "~6.19.2"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@types/pg": {
+      "version": "8.11.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/pg/-/pg-8.11.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-k4VGqp1LQzJP5pSK2TR3bJGr9CnErXeRubUEtJu+l1hFGbUwKyMZEjLAlWpfGkrZAatz0O4jP4YPqDepv8CRbQ==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@types/node": "*",
+        "pg-protocol": "*",
+        "pg-types": "^4.0.1"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@types/pg/node_modules/pg-types": {
+      "version": "4.0.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/pg-types/-/pg-types-4.0.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-cRL3JpS3lKMGsKaWndugWQoLOCoP+Cic8oseVcbr0qhPzYD5DWXK+RZ9LY9wxRf7RQia4SCwQlXk0q6FCPrVng==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "pg-int8": "1.0.1",
+        "pg-numeric": "1.0.2",
+        "postgres-array": "~3.0.1",
+        "postgres-bytea": "~3.0.0",
+        "postgres-date": "~2.1.0",
+        "postgres-interval": "^3.0.0",
+        "postgres-range": "^1.1.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=10"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@types/pg/node_modules/postgres-array": {
+      "version": "3.0.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/postgres-array/-/postgres-array-3.0.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-6faShkdFugNQCLwucjPcY5ARoW1SlbnrZjmGl0IrrqewpvxvhSLHimCVzqeuULCbG0fQv7Dtk1yDbG3xv7Veog==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=12"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@types/pg/node_modules/postgres-bytea": {
+      "version": "3.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/postgres-bytea/-/postgres-bytea-3.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-CNd4jim9RFPkObHSjVHlVrxoVQXz7quwNFpz7RY1okNNme49+sVyiTvTRobiLV548Hx/hb1BG+iE7h9493WzFw==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "obuf": "~1.1.2"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 6"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@types/pg/node_modules/postgres-date": {
+      "version": "2.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/postgres-date/-/postgres-date-2.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-K7Juri8gtgXVcDfZttFKVmhglp7epKb1K4pgrkLxehjqkrgPhfG6OO8LHLkfaqkbpjNRnra018XwAr1yQFWGcA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=12"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@types/pg/node_modules/postgres-interval": {
+      "version": "3.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/postgres-interval/-/postgres-interval-3.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-BSNDnbyZCXSxgA+1f5UU2GmwhoI0aU5yMxRGO8CdFEcY2BQF9xm/7MqKnYoM1nJDk8nONNWDk9WeSmePFhQdlw==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=12"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@types/qs": {
@@ -571,9 +578,9 @@
       "license": "MIT"
     },
     "node_modules/axios": {
-      "version": "1.7.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/axios/-/axios-1.7.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-2A8QhOMrbomlDuiLeK9XibIBzuHeRcqqNOHp0Cyp5EoJ1IFDh+XZH3A6BkXtv0K4gFGCI0Y4BM7B1wOEi0Rmgw==",
+      "version": "1.7.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/axios/-/axios-1.7.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-fZu86yCo+svH3uqJ/yTdQ0QHpQu5oL+/QE+QPSv6BZSkDAoky9vytxp7u5qk83OJFS3kEBcesWni9WTZAv3tSw==",
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "follow-redirects": "^1.15.6",
@@ -1699,6 +1706,15 @@
         "node": ">=14.0.0"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/kysely": {
+      "version": "0.27.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/kysely/-/kysely-0.27.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-dyNKv2KRvYOQPLCAOCjjQuCk4YFd33BvGdf/o5bC7FiW+BB6snA81Zt+2wT9QDFzKqxKa5rrOmvlK/anehCcgA==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=14.0.0"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/lodash": {
       "version": "4.17.21",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/lodash/-/lodash-4.17.21.tgz",
@@ -2058,6 +2074,13 @@
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/ljharb"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/obuf": {
+      "version": "1.1.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/obuf/-/obuf-1.1.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-PX1wu0AmAdPqOL1mWhqmlOd8kOIZQwGZw6rh7uby9fTc5lhaOWFLX3I6R1hrF9k3zUY40e6igsLGkDXK92LJNg==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
     "node_modules/on-finished": {
       "version": "2.4.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/on-finished/-/on-finished-2.4.1.tgz",
@@ -2103,6 +2126,105 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-5DFkuoqlv1uYQKxy8omFBeJPQcdoE07Kv2sferDCrAq1ohOU+MSDswDIbnx3YAM60qIOnYa53wBhXW0EbMonrQ==",
       "license": "MIT"
     },
+    "node_modules/pg": {
+      "version": "8.12.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/pg/-/pg-8.12.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-A+LHUSnwnxrnL/tZ+OLfqR1SxLN3c/pgDztZ47Rpbsd4jUytsTtwQo/TLPRzPJMp/1pbhYVhH9cuSZLAajNfjQ==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "pg-connection-string": "^2.6.4",
+        "pg-pool": "^3.6.2",
+        "pg-protocol": "^1.6.1",
+        "pg-types": "^2.1.0",
+        "pgpass": "1.x"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 8.0.0"
+      },
+      "optionalDependencies": {
+        "pg-cloudflare": "^1.1.1"
+      },
+      "peerDependencies": {
+        "pg-native": ">=3.0.1"
+      },
+      "peerDependenciesMeta": {
+        "pg-native": {
+          "optional": true
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/pg-cloudflare": {
+      "version": "1.1.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/pg-cloudflare/-/pg-cloudflare-1.1.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-xWPagP/4B6BgFO+EKz3JONXv3YDgvkbVrGw2mTo3D6tVDQRh1e7cqVGvyR3BE+eQgAvx1XhW/iEASj4/jCWl3Q==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true
+    },
+    "node_modules/pg-connection-string": {
+      "version": "2.6.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/pg-connection-string/-/pg-connection-string-2.6.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-v+Z7W/0EO707aNMaAEfiGnGL9sxxumwLl2fJvCQtMn9Fxsg+lPpPkdcyBSv/KFgpGdYkMfn+EI1Or2EHjpgLCA==",
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
+    "node_modules/pg-int8": {
+      "version": "1.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/pg-int8/-/pg-int8-1.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-WCtabS6t3c8SkpDBUlb1kjOs7l66xsGdKpIPZsg4wR+B3+u9UAum2odSsF9tnvxg80h4ZxLWMy4pRjOsFIqQpw==",
+      "license": "ISC",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=4.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/pg-numeric": {
+      "version": "1.0.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/pg-numeric/-/pg-numeric-1.0.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-BM/Thnrw5jm2kKLE5uJkXqqExRUY/toLHda65XgFTBTFYZyopbKjBe29Ii3RbkvlsMoFwD+tHeGaCjjv0gHlyw==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "ISC",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=4"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/pg-pool": {
+      "version": "3.6.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/pg-pool/-/pg-pool-3.6.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Htjbg8BlwXqSBQ9V8Vjtc+vzf/6fVUuak/3/XXKA9oxZprwW3IMDQTGHP+KDmVL7rtd+R1QjbnCFPuTHm3G4hg==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "peerDependencies": {
+        "pg": ">=8.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/pg-protocol": {
+      "version": "1.6.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/pg-protocol/-/pg-protocol-1.6.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-jPIlvgoD63hrEuihvIg+tJhoGjUsLPn6poJY9N5CnlPd91c2T18T/9zBtLxZSb1EhYxBRoZJtzScCaWlYLtktg==",
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
+    "node_modules/pg-types": {
+      "version": "2.2.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/pg-types/-/pg-types-2.2.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-qTAAlrEsl8s4OiEQY69wDvcMIdQN6wdz5ojQiOy6YRMuynxenON0O5oCpJI6lshc6scgAY8qvJ2On/p+CXY0GA==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "pg-int8": "1.0.1",
+        "postgres-array": "~2.0.0",
+        "postgres-bytea": "~1.0.0",
+        "postgres-date": "~1.0.4",
+        "postgres-interval": "^1.1.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=4"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/pgpass": {
+      "version": "1.0.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/pgpass/-/pgpass-1.0.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-FdW9r/jQZhSeohs1Z3sI1yxFQNFvMcnmfuj4WBMUTxOrAyLMaTcE1aAMBiTlbMNaXvBCQuVi0R7hd8udDSP7ug==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "split2": "^4.1.0"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/picomatch": {
       "version": "2.3.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/picomatch/-/picomatch-2.3.1.tgz",
@@ -2129,6 +2251,52 @@
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/porsager"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/postgres-array": {
+      "version": "2.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/postgres-array/-/postgres-array-2.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-VpZrUqU5A69eQyW2c5CA1jtLecCsN2U/bD6VilrFDWq5+5UIEVO7nazS3TEcHf1zuPYO/sqGvUvW62g86RXZuA==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=4"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/postgres-bytea": {
+      "version": "1.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/postgres-bytea/-/postgres-bytea-1.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-xy3pmLuQqRBZBXDULy7KbaitYqLcmxigw14Q5sj8QBVLqEwXfeybIKVWiqAXTlcvdvb0+xkOtDbfQMOf4lST1w==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=0.10.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/postgres-date": {
+      "version": "1.0.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/postgres-date/-/postgres-date-1.0.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-suDmjLVQg78nMK2UZ454hAG+OAW+HQPZ6n++TNDUX+L0+uUlLywnoxJKDou51Zm+zTCjrCl0Nq6J9C5hP9vK/Q==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=0.10.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/postgres-interval": {
+      "version": "1.2.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/postgres-interval/-/postgres-interval-1.2.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-9ZhXKM/rw350N1ovuWHbGxnGh/SNJ4cnxHiM0rxE4VN41wsg8P8zWn9hv/buK00RP4WvlOyr/RBDiptyxVbkZQ==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "xtend": "^4.0.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=0.10.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/postgres-range": {
+      "version": "1.1.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/postgres-range/-/postgres-range-1.1.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-i/hbxIE9803Alj/6ytL7UHQxRvZkI9O4Sy+J3HGc4F4oo/2eQAjTSNJ0bfxyse3bH0nuVesCk+3IRLaMtG3H6w==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
     "node_modules/prettier": {
       "version": "3.3.3",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/prettier/-/prettier-3.3.3.tgz",
@@ -2145,23 +2313,6 @@
         "url": "https://github.com/prettier/prettier?sponsor=1"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/prisma": {
-      "version": "5.17.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/prisma/-/prisma-5.17.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-m4UWkN5lBE6yevqeOxEvmepnL5cNPEjzMw2IqDB59AcEV6w7D8vGljDLd1gPFH+W6gUxw9x7/RmN5dCS/WTPxA==",
-      "devOptional": true,
-      "hasInstallScript": true,
-      "license": "Apache-2.0",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@prisma/engines": "5.17.0"
-      },
-      "bin": {
-        "prisma": "build/index.js"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=16.13"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/proxy-addr": {
       "version": "2.0.7",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/proxy-addr/-/proxy-addr-2.0.7.tgz",
@@ -2479,6 +2630,15 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-zC8zGoGkmc8J9ndvml8Xksr1Amk9qBujgbF0JAIWO7kXr43w0h/0GJNM/Vustixu+YE8N/MTrQ7N31FvHUACxQ==",
       "dev": true
     },
+    "node_modules/split2": {
+      "version": "4.2.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/split2/-/split2-4.2.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-UcjcJOWknrNkF6PLX83qcHM6KHgVKNkV62Y8a5uYDVv9ydGQVwAHMKqHdJje1VTWpljG0WYpCDhrCdAOYH4TWg==",
+      "license": "ISC",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 10.x"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/statuses": {
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/statuses/-/statuses-2.0.1.tgz",
@@ -2721,9 +2881,9 @@
       "license": "MIT"
     },
     "node_modules/undici-types": {
-      "version": "6.11.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/undici-types/-/undici-types-6.11.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-mIDEX2ek50x0OlRgxryxsenE5XaQD4on5U2inY7RApK3SOJpofyw7uW2AyfMKkhAxXIceo2DeWGVGwyvng1GNQ==",
+      "version": "6.19.8",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/undici-types/-/undici-types-6.19.8.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-ve2KP6f/JnbPBFyobGHuerC9g1FYGn/F8n1LWTwNxCEzd6IfqTwUQcNXgEtmmQ6DlRrC1hrSrBnCZPokRrDHjw==",
       "license": "MIT"
     },
     "node_modules/unpipe": {
@@ -2836,6 +2996,15 @@
         }
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/xtend": {
+      "version": "4.0.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/xtend/-/xtend-4.0.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-LKYU1iAXJXUgAXn9URjiu+MWhyUXHsvfp7mcuYm9dSUKK0/CjtrUwFAxD82/mCWbtLsGjFIad0wIsod4zrTAEQ==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=0.4"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/y18n": {
       "version": "5.0.8",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/y18n/-/y18n-5.0.8.tgz",
diff --git a/server/package.json b/server/package.json
index a20e7444..57551da0 100644
--- a/server/package.json
+++ b/server/package.json
@@ -16,25 +16,26 @@
     "@types/bcrypt": "^5.0.2",
     "@types/express": "^4.17.21",
     "@types/jsonwebtoken": "^9.0.6",
-    "@types/node": "^22.0.0",
+    "@types/node": "^22.5.1",
+    "@types/pg": "^8.11.7",
     "@types/ws": "^8.5.12",
     "concurrently": "^8.2.2",
     "nodemon": "^3.1.4",
     "prettier": "^3.3.3",
-    "prisma": "^5.17.0",
     "ts-node": "^10.9.2",
     "tsconfig-paths": "^4.2.0",
     "typescript": "^5.5.4"
   },
   "dependencies": {
-    "@prisma/client": "^5.17.0",
     "@types/cors": "^2.8.17",
-    "axios": "^1.7.2",
+    "axios": "^1.7.5",
     "bcrypt": "^5.1.1",
     "cors": "^2.8.5",
     "express": "^4.19.2",
     "jsonwebtoken": "^9.0.2",
     "kafkajs": "^2.2.4",
+    "kysely": "^0.27.4",
+    "pg": "^8.12.0",
     "postgres": "^3.4.4",
     "redis": "^4.7.0",
     "ulid": "^2.3.0",
diff --git a/server/prisma/migrations/20240824195639_init_db/migration.sql b/server/prisma/migrations/20240824195639_init_db/migration.sql
deleted file mode 100644
index 79259042..00000000
--- a/server/prisma/migrations/20240824195639_init_db/migration.sql
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
--- CreateTable
-CREATE TABLE "accounts" (
-    "id" VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
-    "name" VARCHAR(256) NOT NULL,
-    "email" VARCHAR(256) NOT NULL,
-    "avatar" VARCHAR(256),
-    "password" VARCHAR(256),
-    "attrs" JSONB,
-    "created_at" TIMESTAMPTZ(6) NOT NULL,
-    "updated_at" TIMESTAMPTZ(6),
-    "status" INTEGER NOT NULL,
-
-    CONSTRAINT "accounts_pkey" PRIMARY KEY ("id")
-);
-
--- CreateTable
-CREATE TABLE "workspaces" (
-    "id" VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
-    "name" VARCHAR(256) NOT NULL,
-    "description" VARCHAR(256),
-    "avatar" VARCHAR(256),
-    "attrs" JSONB,
-    "created_at" TIMESTAMPTZ(6) NOT NULL,
-    "created_by" VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
-    "updated_at" TIMESTAMPTZ(6),
-    "updated_by" VARCHAR(30),
-    "status" INTEGER NOT NULL,
-    "version_id" VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
-
-    CONSTRAINT "workspaces_pkey" PRIMARY KEY ("id")
-);
-
--- CreateTable
-CREATE TABLE "workspace_accounts" (
-    "workspace_id" VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
-    "account_id" VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
-    "user_id" VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
-    "role" INTEGER NOT NULL,
-    "attrs" JSONB,
-    "created_at" TIMESTAMPTZ(6) NOT NULL,
-    "created_by" VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
-    "updated_at" TIMESTAMPTZ(6),
-    "updated_by" VARCHAR(30),
-    "status" INTEGER NOT NULL,
-    "version_id" VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
-
-    CONSTRAINT "workspace_accounts_pkey" PRIMARY KEY ("workspace_id","account_id")
-);
-
--- CreateTable
-CREATE TABLE "nodes" (
-    "id" VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
-    "workspace_id" VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
-    "parent_id" VARCHAR(30),
-    "type" VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
-    "index" VARCHAR(30),
-    "attrs" JSONB,
-    "content" JSONB,
-    "created_at" TIMESTAMPTZ(6) NOT NULL,
-    "created_by" VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
-    "updated_at" TIMESTAMPTZ(6),
-    "updated_by" VARCHAR(30),
-    "version_id" VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
-    "server_created_at" TIMESTAMPTZ(6) NOT NULL,
-    "server_updated_at" TIMESTAMPTZ(6),
-    "server_version_id" VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
-
-    CONSTRAINT "nodes_pkey" PRIMARY KEY ("id")
-);
-
--- CreateTable
-CREATE TABLE "account_devices" (
-    "id" VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
-    "account_id" VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
-    "type" INTEGER NOT NULL,
-    "version" VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
-    "platform" VARCHAR(30),
-    "cpu" VARCHAR(30),
-    "hostname" VARCHAR(30),
-    "created_at" TIMESTAMPTZ(6) NOT NULL,
-    "last_online_at" TIMESTAMPTZ(6),
-    "last_active_at" TIMESTAMPTZ(6),
-
-    CONSTRAINT "account_devices_pkey" PRIMARY KEY ("id")
-);
-
--- CreateTable
-CREATE TABLE "mutations" (
-    "id" VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
-    "type" VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
-    "workspace_id" VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
-    "data" JSONB,
-    "created_at" TIMESTAMPTZ(6) NOT NULL,
-    "device_id" VARCHAR(30),
-    "devices" TEXT[],
-
-    CONSTRAINT "mutations_pkey" PRIMARY KEY ("id")
-);
-
--- CreateIndex
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "IX_accounts_email" ON "accounts"("email");
-
--- AddForeignKey
-ALTER TABLE "nodes" ADD CONSTRAINT "nodes_parent_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY ("parent_id") REFERENCES "nodes"("id") ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;
diff --git a/server/prisma/migrations/migration_lock.toml b/server/prisma/migrations/migration_lock.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index fbffa92c..00000000
--- a/server/prisma/migrations/migration_lock.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# Please do not edit this file manually
-# It should be added in your version-control system (i.e. Git)
-provider = "postgresql"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/server/prisma/schema.prisma b/server/prisma/schema.prisma
deleted file mode 100644
index 9ecfa115..00000000
--- a/server/prisma/schema.prisma
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
-generator client {
-  provider = "prisma-client-js"
-}
-
-datasource db {
-  provider = "postgresql"
-  url      = env("DATABASE_URL")
-}
-
-model accounts {
-  id         String    @id @db.VarChar(30)
-  name       String    @db.VarChar(256)
-  email      String    @unique(map: "IX_accounts_email") @db.VarChar(256)
-  avatar     String?   @db.VarChar(256)
-  password   String?   @db.VarChar(256)
-  attrs      Json?
-  createdAt  DateTime  @db.Timestamptz(6) @map("created_at")
-  updatedAt  DateTime? @db.Timestamptz(6) @map("updated_at")
-  status     Int
-
-  @@map("accounts")
-}
-
-model workspaces {
-  id          String    @id @db.VarChar(30)
-  name        String    @db.VarChar(256)
-  description String?   @db.VarChar(256)
-  avatar      String?   @db.VarChar(256)
-  attrs       Json?
-  createdAt   DateTime  @db.Timestamptz(6) @map("created_at")
-  createdBy   String    @db.VarChar(30) @map("created_by")
-  updatedAt   DateTime? @db.Timestamptz(6) @map("updated_at")
-  updatedBy   String?   @db.VarChar(30) @map("updated_by")
-  status      Int
-  versionId   String    @db.VarChar(30) @map("version_id")
-
-  @@map("workspaces")
-}
-
-model workspaceAccounts {
-  workspaceId   String    @db.VarChar(30) @map("workspace_id")
-  accountId     String    @db.VarChar(30) @map("account_id")
-  userId    String    @db.VarChar(30) @map("user_id")
-  role          Int
-  attrs         Json?
-  createdAt     DateTime  @db.Timestamptz(6) @map("created_at")
-  createdBy     String    @db.VarChar(30) @map("created_by")
-  updatedAt     DateTime? @db.Timestamptz(6) @map("updated_at")
-  updatedBy     String?   @db.VarChar(30) @map("updated_by")
-  status        Int
-  versionId     String    @db.VarChar(30) @map("version_id")
-
-  @@map("workspace_accounts")
-  @@id([workspaceId, accountId])
-}
-
-model nodes {
-  id              String    @id @db.VarChar(30)
-  workspaceId     String    @db.VarChar(30) @map("workspace_id")
-  parentId        String?   @db.VarChar(30) @map("parent_id")
-  type            String    @db.VarChar(30)
-  index           String?   @db.VarChar(30)
-  attrs           Json?
-  content         Json?
-  createdAt       DateTime  @db.Timestamptz(6) @map("created_at")
-  createdBy       String    @db.VarChar(30) @map("created_by")
-  updatedAt       DateTime? @db.Timestamptz(6) @map("updated_at")
-  updatedBy       String?   @db.VarChar(30) @map("updated_by")
-  versionId       String    @db.VarChar(30) @map("version_id")
-  serverCreatedAt DateTime  @db.Timestamptz(6) @map("server_created_at")
-  serverUpdatedAt DateTime? @db.Timestamptz(6) @map("server_updated_at")
-  serverVersionId String    @db.VarChar(30) @map("server_version_id")
-
-  parent nodes? @relation("node_parent_child", fields: [parentId], references: [id], onDelete: Cascade)
-  children nodes[] @relation("node_parent_child")
-
-  @@map("nodes")
-}
-
-model accountDevices {
-  id            String    @id @db.VarChar(30)
-  accountId     String    @db.VarChar(30) @map("account_id")
-  type          Int
-  version       String    @db.VarChar(30) @map("version")
-  platform      String?   @db.VarChar(30)
-  cpu           String?   @db.VarChar(30)
-  hostname      String?   @db.VarChar(30)
-  createdAt     DateTime  @db.Timestamptz(6) @map("created_at")
-  lastOnlineAt  DateTime? @db.Timestamptz(6) @map("last_online_at")
-  lastActiveAt  DateTime? @db.Timestamptz(6) @map("last_active_at")
-
-  @@map("account_devices")
-}
-
-model mutations {
-  id          String    @id @db.VarChar(30)
-  type        String    @db.VarChar(30)
-  workspaceId String    @db.VarChar(30) @map("workspace_id")
-  data        Json?
-  createdAt   DateTime  @db.Timestamptz(6) @map("created_at")
-  deviceId    String?    @db.VarChar(30) @map("device_id")
-  devices     String[]
-
-  @@map("mutations")
-}
diff --git a/server/src/api.ts b/server/src/api.ts
index c0a1be11..b6ddab6e 100644
--- a/server/src/api.ts
+++ b/server/src/api.ts
@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@ import { mutationsRouter } from '@/routes/mutations';
 import { authMiddleware } from '@/middlewares/auth';
 import { sockets } from '@/lib/sockets';
 import { SocketMessage } from '@/types/sockets';
-import { prisma } from '@/data/prisma';
 import { syncRouter } from '@/routes/sync';
+import { database } from '@/data/database';
+import { sql } from 'kysely';
 
 export const initApi = () => {
   const app = express();
@@ -53,11 +54,13 @@ export const initApi = () => {
           return;
         }
 
-        await prisma.$executeRaw`
-          UPDATE mutations
-          SET devices = array_remove(devices, ${deviceId})
-          WHERE id = ${mutationId};
-        `;
+        await database
+          .updateTable('mutations')
+          .set({
+            device_ids: sql`array_remove(device_ids, ${deviceId})`,
+          })
+          .where('id', '=', mutationId)
+          .execute();
       }
     });
 
diff --git a/server/src/consumers/mutation-changes.ts b/server/src/consumers/mutation-changes.ts
index 8fe22786..6c077ac1 100644
--- a/server/src/consumers/mutation-changes.ts
+++ b/server/src/consumers/mutation-changes.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { kafka, TOPIC_NAMES, CONSUMER_IDS } from '@/data/kafka';
 import { ChangeMessage, MutationChangeData } from '@/types/changes';
 import { redis, CHANNEL_NAMES } from '@/data/redis';
 import { PostgresOperation } from '@/lib/constants';
-import { prisma } from '@/data/prisma';
+import { database } from '@/data/database';
 
 export const initMutationChangesConsumer = async () => {
   const consumer = kafka.consumer({ groupId: CONSUMER_IDS.MUTATION_CHANGES });
@@ -64,12 +64,11 @@ const handleMutationUpdate = async (
   }
 
   // if all devices have acknowledged the mutation, delete it
-  if (mutationData.devices == null || mutationData.devices.length == 0) {
-    await prisma.mutations.delete({
-      where: {
-        id: mutationData.id,
-      },
-    });
+  if (mutationData.device_ids == null || mutationData.device_ids.length == 0) {
+    await database
+      .deleteFrom('mutations')
+      .where('id', '=', mutationData.id)
+      .execute();
   }
 };
 
diff --git a/server/src/consumers/mutations.ts b/server/src/consumers/mutations.ts
index 1f2892cb..61a58a14 100644
--- a/server/src/consumers/mutations.ts
+++ b/server/src/consumers/mutations.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import { redis, CHANNEL_NAMES } from '@/data/redis';
 import { sockets } from '@/lib/sockets';
 import { SocketMessage } from '@/types/sockets';
-import { MutationChangeData } from '@/types/changes';
 import { ServerMutation } from '@/types/mutations';
+import { MutationChangeData } from '@/types/changes';
 
 export const initMutationsSubscriber = async () => {
   const subscriber = redis.duplicate();
@@ -12,27 +12,28 @@ export const initMutationsSubscriber = async () => {
 
 const handleMessage = async (message: string) => {
   const mutationData = JSON.parse(message) as MutationChangeData;
-  if (!mutationData.devices || !mutationData.devices.length) {
+  if (!mutationData.device_ids || !mutationData.device_ids.length) {
     return;
   }
 
-  const mutation: ServerMutation = {
+  const serverMutation: ServerMutation = {
     id: mutationData.id,
-    type: mutationData.type as any,
+    action: mutationData.action as 'insert' | 'update' | 'delete',
+    table: mutationData.table,
     workspaceId: mutationData.workspace_id,
-    data: JSON.parse(mutationData.data),
-    createdAt: mutationData.created_at,
+    before: mutationData.before,
+    after: mutationData.after,
   };
 
-  for (const deviceId of mutationData.devices) {
+  for (const deviceId of mutationData.device_ids) {
     const socket = sockets.getSocket(deviceId);
     if (!socket) {
-      return;
+      continue;
     }
 
     const socketMessage: SocketMessage = {
       type: 'mutation',
-      payload: mutation,
+      payload: serverMutation,
     };
     socket.send(JSON.stringify(socketMessage));
   }
diff --git a/server/src/consumers/node-changes.ts b/server/src/consumers/node-changes.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..afe55184
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/src/consumers/node-changes.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+import { kafka, TOPIC_NAMES, CONSUMER_IDS } from '@/data/kafka';
+import { ChangeMessage, NodeChangeData } from '@/types/changes';
+import { PostgresOperation } from '@/lib/constants';
+import { database } from '@/data/database';
+import { NeuronId } from '@/lib/id';
+import { ServerNode } from '@/types/nodes';
+
+export const initNodeChangesConsumer = async () => {
+  const consumer = kafka.consumer({ groupId: CONSUMER_IDS.NODE_CHANGES });
+
+  await consumer.connect();
+  await consumer.subscribe({ topic: TOPIC_NAMES.NODE_CHANGES });
+
+  await consumer.run({
+    eachMessage: async ({ message }) => {
+      if (!message || !message.value) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      const change = JSON.parse(
+        message.value.toString(),
+      ) as ChangeMessage<NodeChangeData>;
+
+      await handleNodeChange(change);
+    },
+  });
+};
+
+const handleNodeChange = async (change: ChangeMessage<NodeChangeData>) => {
+  switch (change.op) {
+    case PostgresOperation.CREATE: {
+      await handleNodeCreate(change);
+      break;
+    }
+    case PostgresOperation.UPDATE: {
+      await handleNodeUpdate(change);
+      break;
+    }
+    case PostgresOperation.DELETE: {
+      await handleNodeDelete(change);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+const handleNodeCreate = async (change: ChangeMessage<NodeChangeData>) => {
+  const node = change.after;
+  if (!node) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const deviceIds = await getDeviceIds(node.workspace_id);
+  if (deviceIds.length == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const serverNode: ServerNode = mapNode(node);
+  await database
+    .insertInto('mutations')
+    .values({
+      id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Mutation),
+      table: 'nodes',
+      action: 'insert',
+      workspace_id: node.workspace_id,
+      created_at: new Date(),
+      after: JSON.stringify(serverNode),
+      device_ids: deviceIds,
+    })
+    .execute();
+};
+
+const handleNodeUpdate = async (change: ChangeMessage<NodeChangeData>) => {
+  const node = change.after;
+  if (!node) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const deviceIds = await getDeviceIds(node.workspace_id);
+  if (deviceIds.length == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const serverNode: ServerNode = mapNode(node);
+  await database
+    .insertInto('mutations')
+    .values({
+      id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Mutation),
+      table: 'nodes',
+      action: 'update',
+      workspace_id: node.workspace_id,
+      created_at: new Date(),
+      before: change.before ? JSON.stringify(change.before) : null,
+      after: JSON.stringify(serverNode),
+      device_ids: deviceIds,
+    })
+    .execute();
+};
+
+const handleNodeDelete = async (change: ChangeMessage<NodeChangeData>) => {
+  const node = change.before;
+  if (!node) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const deviceIds = await getDeviceIds(node.workspace_id);
+  if (deviceIds.length == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const serverNode: ServerNode = mapNode(node);
+  await database
+    .insertInto('mutations')
+    .values({
+      id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Mutation),
+      table: 'nodes',
+      action: 'delete',
+      workspace_id: node.workspace_id,
+      created_at: new Date(),
+      before: JSON.stringify(serverNode),
+      after: null,
+      device_ids: deviceIds,
+    })
+    .execute();
+};
+
+const getDeviceIds = async (workspaceId: string) => {
+  const accountDevices = await database
+    .selectFrom('account_devices')
+    .where(
+      'account_id',
+      'in',
+      database
+        .selectFrom('workspace_accounts')
+        .where('workspace_id', '=', workspaceId)
+        .select('account_id'),
+    )
+    .select('id')
+    .execute();
+
+  const deviceIds = accountDevices.map((account) => account.id);
+  return deviceIds;
+};
+
+const mapNode = (node: NodeChangeData): ServerNode => {
+  return {
+    id: node.id,
+    workspaceId: node.workspace_id,
+    parentId: node.parent_id,
+    type: node.type,
+    index: node.index,
+    attrs: node.attrs ? JSON.parse(node.attrs) : null,
+    content: node.content ? JSON.parse(node.content) : null,
+    createdAt: node.created_at,
+    createdBy: node.created_by,
+    updatedAt: node.updated_at,
+    updatedBy: node.updated_by,
+    versionId: node.version_id,
+    serverCreatedAt: node.server_created_at,
+    serverUpdatedAt: node.server_updated_at,
+  };
+};
diff --git a/server/src/data/database.ts b/server/src/data/database.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4ae0618
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/src/data/database.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import { Kysely, Migration, Migrator, PostgresDialect } from 'kysely';
+import { Pool } from 'pg';
+import { DatabaseSchema } from '@/data/schema';
+import { databaseMigrations } from '@/data/migrations';
+
+const dialect = new PostgresDialect({
+  pool: new Pool({
+    connectionString: process.env.DATABASE_URL,
+  }),
+});
+
+export const database = new Kysely<DatabaseSchema>({
+  dialect,
+});
+
+export const migrate = async () => {
+  const migrator = new Migrator({
+    db: database,
+    provider: {
+      getMigrations(): Promise<Record<string, Migration>> {
+        return Promise.resolve(databaseMigrations);
+      },
+    },
+  });
+
+  await migrator.migrateToLatest();
+};
diff --git a/server/src/data/migrations.ts b/server/src/data/migrations.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ca165e0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/src/data/migrations.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+import { Migration, sql } from 'kysely';
+
+const createAccountsTable: Migration = {
+  up: async (db) => {
+    await db.schema
+      .createTable('accounts')
+      .addColumn('id', 'varchar(30)', (col) => col.notNull().primaryKey())
+      .addColumn('name', 'varchar(256)', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('email', 'varchar(256)', (col) => col.notNull().unique())
+      .addColumn('avatar', 'varchar(256)')
+      .addColumn('password', 'varchar(256)')
+      .addColumn('attrs', 'jsonb')
+      .addColumn('created_at', 'timestamptz', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('updated_at', 'timestamptz')
+      .addColumn('status', 'integer', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .execute();
+  },
+  down: async (db) => {
+    await db.schema.dropTable('accounts').execute();
+  },
+};
+
+const createWorkspacesTable: Migration = {
+  up: async (db) => {
+    await db.schema
+      .createTable('workspaces')
+      .addColumn('id', 'varchar(30)', (col) => col.notNull().primaryKey())
+      .addColumn('name', 'varchar(256)', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('description', 'varchar(256)')
+      .addColumn('avatar', 'varchar(256)')
+      .addColumn('attrs', 'jsonb')
+      .addColumn('created_at', 'timestamptz', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('created_by', 'varchar(30)', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('updated_at', 'timestamptz')
+      .addColumn('updated_by', 'varchar(30)')
+      .addColumn('status', 'integer', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('version_id', 'varchar(30)', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .execute();
+  },
+  down: async (db) => {
+    await db.schema.dropTable('workspaces').execute();
+  },
+};
+
+const createWorkspaceAccountsTable: Migration = {
+  up: async (db) => {
+    await db.schema
+      .createTable('workspace_accounts')
+      .addColumn('workspace_id', 'varchar(30)', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('account_id', 'varchar(30)', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('user_id', 'varchar(30)', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('role', 'integer', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('attrs', 'jsonb')
+      .addColumn('created_at', 'timestamptz', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('created_by', 'varchar(30)', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('updated_at', 'timestamptz')
+      .addColumn('updated_by', 'varchar(30)')
+      .addColumn('status', 'integer', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('version_id', 'varchar(30)', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addPrimaryKeyConstraint('workspace_accounts_pkey', [
+        'workspace_id',
+        'account_id',
+      ])
+      .execute();
+  },
+  down: async (db) => {
+    await db.schema.dropTable('workspace_accounts').execute();
+  },
+};
+
+const createNodesTable: Migration = {
+  up: async (db) => {
+    await db.schema
+      .createTable('nodes')
+      .addColumn('id', 'varchar(30)', (col) => col.notNull().primaryKey())
+      .addColumn('workspace_id', 'varchar(30)', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('parent_id', 'varchar(30)')
+      .addColumn('type', 'varchar(30)', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('index', 'varchar(30)')
+      .addColumn('attrs', 'jsonb')
+      .addColumn('content', 'jsonb')
+      .addColumn('created_at', 'timestamptz', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('created_by', 'varchar(30)', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('updated_at', 'timestamptz')
+      .addColumn('updated_by', 'varchar(30)')
+      .addColumn('version_id', 'varchar(30)', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('server_created_at', 'timestamptz', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('server_updated_at', 'timestamptz')
+      .addForeignKeyConstraint(
+        'nodes_parent_id_fkey',
+        ['parent_id'],
+        'nodes',
+        ['id'],
+        (cb) => cb.onDelete('cascade'),
+      )
+      .execute();
+  },
+  down: async (db) => {
+    await db.schema.dropTable('nodes').execute();
+  },
+};
+
+const createAccountDevicesTable: Migration = {
+  up: async (db) => {
+    await db.schema
+      .createTable('account_devices')
+      .addColumn('id', 'varchar(30)', (col) => col.notNull().primaryKey())
+      .addColumn('account_id', 'varchar(30)', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('type', 'integer', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('version', 'varchar(30)', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('platform', 'varchar(30)')
+      .addColumn('cpu', 'varchar(30)')
+      .addColumn('hostname', 'varchar(30)')
+      .addColumn('created_at', 'timestamptz', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('last_online_at', 'timestamptz')
+      .addColumn('last_active_at', 'timestamptz')
+      .execute();
+  },
+  down: async (db) => {
+    await db.schema.dropTable('account_devices').execute();
+  },
+};
+
+const createMutationsTable: Migration = {
+  up: async (db) => {
+    await db.schema
+      .createTable('mutations')
+      .addColumn('id', 'varchar(30)', (col) => col.notNull().primaryKey())
+      .addColumn('workspace_id', 'varchar(30)', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('table', 'varchar(30)', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('action', 'varchar(30)', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('after', 'jsonb')
+      .addColumn('before', 'jsonb')
+      .addColumn('created_at', 'timestamptz', (col) => col.notNull())
+      .addColumn('device_ids', sql`text[]`, (col) => col.notNull())
+      .execute();
+  },
+  down: async (db) => {
+    await db.schema.dropTable('mutations').execute();
+  },
+};
+
+export const databaseMigrations: Record<string, Migration> = {
+  '202408011709_create_accounts_table': createAccountsTable,
+  '202408011712_create_workspaces_table': createWorkspacesTable,
+  '202408011715_create_workspace_accounts_table': createWorkspaceAccountsTable,
+  '202408011718_create_nodes_table': createNodesTable,
+  '202408011721_create_account_devices_table': createAccountDevicesTable,
+  '202408011724_create_mutations_table': createMutationsTable,
+};
diff --git a/server/src/data/prisma.ts b/server/src/data/prisma.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 9b6c4ce3..00000000
--- a/server/src/data/prisma.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
-
-export const prisma = new PrismaClient();
diff --git a/server/src/data/schema.ts b/server/src/data/schema.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9a8811c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/src/data/schema.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+import { NodeBlock } from '@/types/nodes';
+import {
+  ColumnType,
+  Insertable,
+  JSONColumnType,
+  Selectable,
+  Updateable,
+} from 'kysely';
+
+interface AccountTable {
+  id: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  name: ColumnType<string, string, string>;
+  email: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  avatar: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  password: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  attrs: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  created_at: ColumnType<Date, Date, never>;
+  updated_at: ColumnType<Date | null, Date | null, Date>;
+  status: ColumnType<number, number, number>;
+}
+
+export type SelectAccount = Selectable<AccountTable>;
+export type CreateAccount = Insertable<AccountTable>;
+export type UpdateAccount = Updateable<AccountTable>;
+
+interface WorkspaceTable {
+  id: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  name: ColumnType<string, string, string>;
+  description: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  avatar: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  attrs: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  created_at: ColumnType<Date, Date, never>;
+  updated_at: ColumnType<Date | null, Date | null, Date>;
+  created_by: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  updated_by: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string>;
+  status: ColumnType<number, number, number>;
+  version_id: ColumnType<string, string, string>;
+}
+
+export type SelectWorkspace = Selectable<WorkspaceTable>;
+export type CreateWorkspace = Insertable<WorkspaceTable>;
+export type UpdateWorkspace = Updateable<WorkspaceTable>;
+
+interface WorkspaceAccountTable {
+  workspace_id: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  account_id: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  user_id: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  role: ColumnType<number, number, number>;
+  attrs: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  created_at: ColumnType<Date, Date, never>;
+  created_by: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  updated_at: ColumnType<Date | null, Date | null, Date>;
+  updated_by: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string>;
+  status: ColumnType<number, number, number>;
+  version_id: ColumnType<string, string, string>;
+}
+
+export type SelectWorkspaceAccount = Selectable<WorkspaceAccountTable>;
+export type CreateWorkspaceAccount = Insertable<WorkspaceAccountTable>;
+export type UpdateWorkspaceAccount = Updateable<WorkspaceAccountTable>;
+
+interface AccountDeviceTable {
+  id: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  account_id: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  type: ColumnType<number, number, number>;
+  version: ColumnType<string, string, string>;
+  platform: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  cpu: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  hostname: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  created_at: ColumnType<Date, Date, never>;
+  last_online_at: ColumnType<Date | null, Date | null, Date>;
+  last_active_at: ColumnType<Date | null, Date | null, Date>;
+}
+
+export type SelectAccountDevice = Selectable<AccountDeviceTable>;
+export type CreateAccountDevice = Insertable<AccountDeviceTable>;
+export type UpdateAccountDevice = Updateable<AccountDeviceTable>;
+
+interface NodeTable {
+  id: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  workspace_id: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  parent_id: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  type: ColumnType<string, string, string>;
+  index: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  attrs: JSONColumnType<
+    Record<string, any> | null,
+    string | null,
+    string | null
+  >;
+  content: JSONColumnType<NodeBlock[] | null, string | null, string | null>;
+  created_at: ColumnType<Date, Date, never>;
+  updated_at: ColumnType<Date | null, Date | null, Date>;
+  created_by: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  updated_by: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, string>;
+  version_id: ColumnType<string, string, string>;
+  server_created_at: ColumnType<Date, Date, never>;
+  server_updated_at: ColumnType<Date | null, Date | null, Date>;
+}
+
+export type SelectNode = Selectable<NodeTable>;
+export type CreateNode = Insertable<NodeTable>;
+export type UpdateNode = Updateable<NodeTable>;
+
+interface MutationTable {
+  id: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  workspace_id: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  table: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  action: ColumnType<string, string, never>;
+  after: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, never>;
+  before: ColumnType<string | null, string | null, never>;
+  created_at: ColumnType<Date, Date, never>;
+  device_ids: ColumnType<string[], string[], string[]>;
+}
+
+export type SelectMutation = Selectable<MutationTable>;
+export type CreateMutation = Insertable<MutationTable>;
+export type UpdateMutation = Updateable<MutationTable>;
+
+export interface DatabaseSchema {
+  accounts: AccountTable;
+  workspaces: WorkspaceTable;
+  workspace_accounts: WorkspaceAccountTable;
+  account_devices: AccountDeviceTable;
+  nodes: NodeTable;
+  mutations: MutationTable;
+}
diff --git a/server/src/index.ts b/server/src/index.ts
index c882cbc6..06cdeb52 100644
--- a/server/src/index.ts
+++ b/server/src/index.ts
@@ -1,17 +1,25 @@
 import { initApi } from '@/api';
 import { initRedis } from '@/data/redis';
+import { initNodeChangesConsumer } from '@/consumers/node-changes';
 import { initMutationChangesConsumer } from '@/consumers/mutation-changes';
 import { initMutationsSubscriber } from '@/consumers/mutations';
+import { migrate } from './data/database';
 
-initApi();
+migrate().then(() => {
+  initApi();
 
-initMutationChangesConsumer().then(() => {
-  console.log('Mutation changes consumer started');
-});
+  initNodeChangesConsumer().then(() => {
+    console.log('Node changes consumer started');
+  });
 
-initRedis().then(() => {
-  console.log('Redis initialized');
-  initMutationsSubscriber().then(() => {
-    console.log('Mutation subscriber started');
+  initMutationChangesConsumer().then(() => {
+    console.log('Mutation changes consumer started');
+  });
+
+  initRedis().then(() => {
+    console.log('Redis initialized');
+    initMutationsSubscriber().then(() => {
+      console.log('Mutation subscriber started');
+    });
   });
 });
diff --git a/server/src/routes/accounts.ts b/server/src/routes/accounts.ts
index 6681a393..085e9f79 100644
--- a/server/src/routes/accounts.ts
+++ b/server/src/routes/accounts.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
 import axios from 'axios';
 import { ApiError } from '@/types/api';
 import { NeuronId } from '@/lib/id';
-import { prisma } from '@/data/prisma';
+import { database } from '@/data/database';
 import bcrypt from 'bcrypt';
 import { WorkspaceOutput } from '@/types/workspaces';
 import { createJwtToken } from '@/lib/jwt';
@@ -22,11 +22,10 @@ export const accountsRouter = Router();
 
 accountsRouter.post('/register/email', async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
   const input: EmailRegisterInput = req.body;
-  let existingAccount = await prisma.accounts.findUnique({
-    where: {
-      email: input.email,
-    },
-  });
+  let existingAccount = await database
+    .selectFrom('accounts')
+    .where('email', '=', input.email)
+    .executeTakeFirst();
 
   if (existingAccount) {
     return res.status(400).json({
@@ -37,16 +36,25 @@ accountsRouter.post('/register/email', async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
 
   const salt = await bcrypt.genSalt(SaltRounds);
   const password = await bcrypt.hash(input.password, salt);
-  const account = await prisma.accounts.create({
-    data: {
+  const account = await database
+    .insertInto('accounts')
+    .values({
       id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Account),
       name: input.name,
       email: input.email,
       password: password,
       status: AccountStatus.Active,
-      createdAt: new Date(),
-    },
-  });
+      created_at: new Date(),
+    })
+    .returningAll()
+    .executeTakeFirst();
+
+  if (!account) {
+    return res.status(500).json({
+      code: ApiError.InternalServerError,
+      message: 'Failed to create account.',
+    });
+  }
 
   const output = await buildLoginOutput(
     account.id,
@@ -59,11 +67,11 @@ accountsRouter.post('/register/email', async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
 
 accountsRouter.post('/login/email', async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
   const input: EmailLoginInput = req.body;
-  let account = await prisma.accounts.findUnique({
-    where: {
-      email: input.email,
-    },
-  });
+  let account = await database
+    .selectFrom('accounts')
+    .where('email', '=', input.email)
+    .selectAll()
+    .executeTakeFirst();
 
   if (!account) {
     return res.status(400).json({
@@ -123,11 +131,11 @@ accountsRouter.post('/login/google', async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
     });
   }
 
-  let existingAccount = await prisma.accounts.findUnique({
-    where: {
-      email: googleUser.email,
-    },
-  });
+  let existingAccount = await database
+    .selectFrom('accounts')
+    .where('email', '=', googleUser.email)
+    .selectAll()
+    .executeTakeFirst();
 
   if (existingAccount) {
     if (existingAccount.status === AccountStatus.Pending) {
@@ -137,17 +145,18 @@ accountsRouter.post('/login/google', async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
       });
     }
 
-    const attrs = (existingAccount.attrs as Record<string, any>) ?? {};
+    const attrs = existingAccount.attrs
+      ? JSON.parse(existingAccount.attrs)
+      : {};
+
     if (attrs?.googleId) {
-      await prisma.accounts.update({
-        where: {
-          id: existingAccount.id,
-        },
-        data: {
-          attrs: { googleId: googleUser.id },
-          updatedAt: new Date(),
-        },
-      });
+      await database
+        .updateTable('accounts')
+        .set({
+          attrs: JSON.stringify({ googleId: googleUser.id }),
+          updated_at: new Date(),
+        })
+        .execute();
     }
 
     const output = await buildLoginOutput(
@@ -158,15 +167,25 @@ accountsRouter.post('/login/google', async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
     return res.status(200).json(output);
   }
 
-  const newAccount = await prisma.accounts.create({
-    data: {
+  const newAccount = await database
+    .insertInto('accounts')
+    .values({
       id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Account),
       name: googleUser.name,
       email: googleUser.email,
       status: AccountStatus.Active,
-      createdAt: new Date(),
-    },
-  });
+      created_at: new Date(),
+      password: null,
+    })
+    .returningAll()
+    .executeTakeFirst();
+
+  if (!newAccount) {
+    return res.status(500).json({
+      code: ApiError.InternalServerError,
+      message: 'Failed to create account.',
+    });
+  }
 
   const output = await buildLoginOutput(
     newAccount.id,
@@ -187,51 +206,57 @@ const buildLoginOutput = async (
     email,
   });
 
-  const accountWorkspaces = await prisma.workspaceAccounts.findMany({
-    where: {
-      accountId: id,
-    },
-  });
-
-  const workspaceIds = accountWorkspaces.map((wa) => wa.workspaceId);
-  const workspaces = await prisma.workspaces.findMany({
-    where: {
-      id: {
-        in: workspaceIds,
-      },
-    },
-  });
+  const accountWorkspaces = await database
+    .selectFrom('workspace_accounts')
+    .where('account_id', '=', id)
+    .selectAll()
+    .execute();
 
   const workspaceOutputs: WorkspaceOutput[] = [];
-  for (const accountWorkspace of accountWorkspaces) {
-    const workspace = workspaces.find(
-      (w) => w.id === accountWorkspace.workspaceId,
-    );
-    if (!workspace) {
-      continue;
-    }
+  const workspaceIds = accountWorkspaces.map((wa) => wa.workspace_id);
+  if (workspaceIds.length > 0) {
+    const workspaces = await database
+      .selectFrom('workspaces')
+      .where('id', 'in', workspaceIds)
+      .selectAll()
+      .execute();
 
-    workspaceOutputs.push({
-      id: workspace.id,
-      name: workspace.name,
-      role: accountWorkspace.role,
-      userId: accountWorkspace.userId,
-      versionId: accountWorkspace.versionId,
-      accountId: accountWorkspace.accountId,
-      avatar: workspace.avatar,
-      description: workspace.description,
-    });
+    for (const accountWorkspace of accountWorkspaces) {
+      const workspace = workspaces.find(
+        (w) => w.id === accountWorkspace.workspace_id,
+      );
+      if (!workspace) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      workspaceOutputs.push({
+        id: workspace.id,
+        name: workspace.name,
+        role: accountWorkspace.role,
+        userId: accountWorkspace.user_id,
+        versionId: accountWorkspace.version_id,
+        accountId: accountWorkspace.account_id,
+        avatar: workspace.avatar,
+        description: workspace.description,
+      });
+    }
   }
 
-  const accountDevice = await prisma.accountDevices.create({
-    data: {
+  const accountDevice = await database
+    .insertInto('account_devices')
+    .values({
       id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Device),
-      accountId: id,
+      account_id: id,
       type: 1,
-      createdAt: new Date(),
+      created_at: new Date(),
       version: '0.1.0',
-    },
-  });
+    })
+    .returningAll()
+    .executeTakeFirst();
+
+  if (!accountDevice) {
+    throw new Error('Failed to create account device.');
+  }
 
   return {
     account: {
diff --git a/server/src/routes/mutations.ts b/server/src/routes/mutations.ts
index ada05e91..31994ef0 100644
--- a/server/src/routes/mutations.ts
+++ b/server/src/routes/mutations.ts
@@ -1,575 +1,133 @@
 import { NeuronRequest, NeuronResponse } from '@/types/api';
 import { Router } from 'express';
 import {
+  ExecuteLocalMutationsInput,
   LocalMutation,
-  LocalCreateNodeMutation,
-  LocalCreateNodesMutation,
-  LocalUpdateNodeMutation,
-  LocalDeleteNodeMutation,
-  LocalDeleteNodesMutation,
-  LocalCreateNodeData,
-  ServerMutation,
-  ServerCreateNodeMutation,
-  ServerCreateNodesMutation,
-  ServerUpdateNodeMutation,
-  ServerDeleteNodeMutation,
-  ServerDeleteNodesMutation,
+  LocalNodeMutationData,
 } from '@/types/mutations';
-import { prisma } from '@/data/prisma';
-import { Node, NodeBlock } from '@/types/nodes';
-import { Prisma } from '@prisma/client';
-import { NeuronId } from '@/lib/id';
+import { database } from '@/data/database';
 
 export const mutationsRouter = Router();
 
 mutationsRouter.post('/', async (req: NeuronRequest, res: NeuronResponse) => {
-  const localMutation = req.body as LocalMutation;
-
-  switch (localMutation.type) {
-    case 'create_node': {
-      await handleCreateNodeMutation(req, res, localMutation);
-      break;
-    }
-    case 'create_nodes': {
-      await handleCreateNodesMutation(req, res, localMutation);
-      break;
-    }
-    case 'update_node': {
-      await handleUpdateNodeMutation(req, res, localMutation);
-      break;
-    }
-    case 'delete_node': {
-      await handleDeleteNodeMutation(req, res, localMutation);
-      break;
-    }
-    case 'delete_nodes': {
-      await handleDeleteNodesMutation(req, res, localMutation);
-      break;
+  const input = req.body as ExecuteLocalMutationsInput;
+  for (const mutation of input.mutations) {
+    switch (mutation.table) {
+      case 'nodes': {
+        switch (mutation.action) {
+          case 'insert': {
+            await handleCreateNodeMutation(input.workspaceId, mutation);
+            break;
+          }
+          case 'update': {
+            await handleUpdateNodeMutation(input.workspaceId, mutation);
+            break;
+          }
+          case 'delete': {
+            await handleDeleteNodeMutation(input.workspaceId, mutation);
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
     }
   }
+
+  res.status(200).json({ success: true });
 });
 
 const handleCreateNodeMutation = async (
-  req: NeuronRequest,
-  res: NeuronResponse,
-  localMutation: LocalCreateNodeMutation,
-): Promise<NeuronResponse> => {
-  if (!req.accountId) {
-    return res.status(401).json({ success: false });
+  workspaceId: string,
+  mutation: LocalMutation,
+): Promise<void> => {
+  if (!mutation.after) {
+    return;
   }
 
-  const existingNode = await prisma.nodes.findUnique({
-    where: {
-      id: localMutation.data.node.id,
-    },
-  });
+  const nodeData = JSON.parse(mutation.after) as LocalNodeMutationData;
+  const existingNode = await database
+    .selectFrom('nodes')
+    .where('id', '=', nodeData.id)
+    .executeTakeFirst();
 
   if (existingNode) {
-    const serverMutation: ServerCreateNodeMutation = {
-      id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Mutation),
-      type: 'create_node',
-      workspaceId: localMutation.workspaceId,
-      createdAt: new Date().toISOString(),
-      data: {
-        node: {
-          id: existingNode.id,
-          parentId: existingNode.parentId,
-          workspaceId: existingNode.workspaceId,
-          type: existingNode.type,
-          index: existingNode.index,
-          attrs: existingNode.attrs as Record<string, any>,
-          content: existingNode.content as NodeBlock[],
-          createdAt: existingNode.createdAt?.toISOString(),
-          createdBy: existingNode.createdBy,
-          updatedAt: existingNode.updatedAt?.toISOString(),
-          updatedBy: existingNode.updatedBy,
-          versionId: existingNode.versionId,
-          serverCreatedAt: existingNode.serverCreatedAt?.toISOString(),
-          serverUpdatedAt: existingNode.serverUpdatedAt?.toISOString(),
-          serverVersionId: existingNode.serverVersionId,
-        },
-      },
-    };
-    return res.status(200).json(serverMutation);
+    return;
   }
 
-  const node = buildNode(localMutation.data.node);
-  const workspaceId = node.workspaceId;
-  const workspaceAccounts = await prisma.workspaceAccounts.findMany({
-    where: {
-      workspaceId,
-    },
-  });
-
-  if (workspaceAccounts.length === 0) {
-    return res.status(401).json({ success: false });
-  }
-
-  const accountIds = workspaceAccounts.map((account) => account.accountId);
-  if (!accountIds.includes(req.accountId)) {
-    return res.status(401).json({ success: false });
-  }
-
-  const accountDevices = await prisma.accountDevices.findMany({
-    where: {
-      accountId: {
-        in: accountIds,
-      },
-    },
-  });
-  const deviceIds = accountDevices.map((device) => device.id);
-
-  const result = await prisma.$transaction(async (tx) => {
-    const row = await tx.nodes.create({
-      data: {
-        ...node,
-        attrs: node.attrs === null ? Prisma.DbNull : node.attrs,
-        content: node.content === null ? Prisma.DbNull : node.content,
-      },
-    });
-
-    if (!row) {
-      throw new Error('Failed to create node');
-    }
-
-    const serverMutation: ServerCreateNodeMutation = {
-      id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Mutation),
-      workspaceId: localMutation.workspaceId,
-      type: 'create_node',
-      createdAt: new Date().toISOString(),
-      data: {
-        node: node,
-      },
-    };
-
-    await prisma.mutations.create({
-      data: {
-        ...serverMutation,
-        devices: deviceIds,
-        deviceId: localMutation.deviceId,
-      },
-    });
-
-    return serverMutation;
-  });
-
-  return res.status(200).json(result);
-};
-
-const handleCreateNodesMutation = async (
-  req: NeuronRequest,
-  res: NeuronResponse,
-  localMutation: LocalCreateNodesMutation,
-): Promise<NeuronResponse> => {
-  if (!req.accountId) {
-    return res.status(401).json({ success: false });
-  }
-
-  const existingNodes = await prisma.nodes.findMany({
-    where: {
-      id: {
-        in: localMutation.data.nodes.map((node) => node.id),
-      },
-    },
-  });
-
-  const existingNodeIds = existingNodes.map((node) => node.id);
-  if (existingNodeIds.length === localMutation.data.nodes.length) {
-    const serverMutation: ServerCreateNodesMutation = {
-      id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Mutation),
-      type: 'create_nodes',
-      workspaceId: localMutation.workspaceId,
-      createdAt: new Date().toISOString(),
-      data: {
-        nodes: existingNodes.map((node) => ({
-          id: node.id,
-          parentId: node.parentId,
-          workspaceId: node.workspaceId,
-          type: node.type,
-          index: node.index,
-          attrs: node.attrs as Record<string, any>,
-          content: node.content as NodeBlock[],
-          createdAt: node.createdAt?.toISOString(),
-          createdBy: node.createdBy,
-          updatedAt: node.updatedAt?.toISOString(),
-          updatedBy: node.updatedBy,
-          versionId: node.versionId,
-          serverCreatedAt: node.serverCreatedAt?.toISOString(),
-          serverUpdatedAt: node.serverUpdatedAt?.toISOString(),
-          serverVersionId: node.serverVersionId,
-        })),
-      },
-    };
-    return res.status(200).json(serverMutation);
-  }
-
-  const nodes = localMutation.data.nodes.map((node) => buildNode(node));
-
-  const nodesToInsert = nodes.filter(
-    (node) => !existingNodeIds.includes(node.id),
-  );
-
-  if (nodes.length === 0) {
-    return res.status(400).json({ success: false });
-  }
-
-  const workspaceId = nodes[0].workspaceId;
-  const workspaceAccounts = await prisma.workspaceAccounts.findMany({
-    where: {
-      workspaceId,
-    },
-  });
-
-  if (workspaceAccounts.length === 0) {
-    return res.status(401).json({ success: false });
-  }
-
-  const accountIds = workspaceAccounts.map((account) => account.accountId);
-  if (!accountIds.includes(req.accountId)) {
-    return res.status(401).json({ success: false });
-  }
-
-  const accountDevices = await prisma.accountDevices.findMany({
-    where: {
-      accountId: {
-        in: accountIds,
-      },
-    },
-  });
-  const deviceIds = accountDevices.map((device) => device.id);
-
-  const result = await prisma.$transaction(async (tx) => {
-    const payload = await tx.nodes.createMany({
-      data: nodesToInsert.map((node) => ({
-        ...node,
-        attrs: node.attrs === null ? Prisma.DbNull : node.attrs,
-        content: node.content === null ? Prisma.DbNull : node.content,
-      })),
-    });
-
-    if (payload.count !== nodes.length) {
-      throw new Error('Failed to create nodes');
-    }
-
-    const serverMutation: ServerCreateNodesMutation = {
-      id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Mutation),
-      type: 'create_nodes',
-      workspaceId: workspaceId,
-      createdAt: new Date().toISOString(),
-      data: {
-        nodes,
-      },
-    };
-
-    await tx.mutations.create({
-      data: {
-        ...serverMutation,
-        devices: deviceIds,
-        deviceId: localMutation.deviceId,
-      },
-    });
-
-    return serverMutation;
-  });
-
-  return res.status(200).json(result);
+  await database
+    .insertInto('nodes')
+    .values({
+      id: nodeData.id,
+      parent_id: nodeData.parent_id,
+      workspace_id: workspaceId,
+      type: nodeData.type,
+      index: nodeData.index,
+      attrs: nodeData.attrs,
+      content: nodeData.content,
+      created_at: new Date(nodeData.created_at),
+      created_by: nodeData.created_by,
+      version_id: nodeData.version_id,
+      server_created_at: new Date(),
+    })
+    .execute();
 };
 
 const handleUpdateNodeMutation = async (
-  req: NeuronRequest,
-  res: NeuronResponse,
-  localMutation: LocalUpdateNodeMutation,
-): Promise<NeuronResponse> => {
-  if (!req.accountId) {
-    return res.status(401).json({ success: false });
+  workspaceId: string,
+  mutation: LocalMutation,
+): Promise<void> => {
+  if (!mutation.after) {
+    return;
   }
 
-  const id = localMutation.data.id;
-  const existingNode = await prisma.nodes.findUnique({
-    where: {
-      id,
-    },
-  });
+  const nodeData = JSON.parse(mutation.after) as LocalNodeMutationData;
+  const existingNode = await database
+    .selectFrom('nodes')
+    .where('id', '=', nodeData.id)
+    .executeTakeFirst();
 
   if (!existingNode) {
-    return res.status(404).json({ success: false });
+    return;
   }
 
-  const workspaceId = existingNode.workspaceId;
-  const workspaceAccounts = await prisma.workspaceAccounts.findMany({
-    where: {
-      workspaceId,
-    },
-  });
+  const updatedAt = nodeData.updated_at
+    ? new Date(nodeData.updated_at)
+    : new Date();
+  const updatedBy = nodeData.updated_by ?? nodeData.created_by;
 
-  if (workspaceAccounts.length === 0) {
-    return res.status(401).json({ success: false });
-  }
-
-  const accountIds = workspaceAccounts.map((account) => account.accountId);
-  if (!accountIds.includes(req.accountId)) {
-    return res.status(401).json({ success: false });
-  }
-
-  const accountDevices = await prisma.accountDevices.findMany({
-    where: {
-      accountId: {
-        in: accountIds,
-      },
-    },
-  });
-  const deviceIds = accountDevices.map((device) => device.id);
-
-  const data = localMutation.data;
-  const result = await prisma.$transaction(async (tx) => {
-    const row = await tx.nodes.update({
-      where: {
-        id,
-      },
-      data: {
-        type: data.type,
-        parentId: data.parentId,
-        index: data.index,
-        content: data.content ? data.content : Prisma.DbNull,
-        attrs: data.attrs ? data.attrs : Prisma.DbNull,
-        updatedAt: data.updatedAt,
-        updatedBy: data.updatedBy,
-        versionId: data.versionId,
-        serverUpdatedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
-        serverVersionId: data.versionId,
-      },
-    });
-
-    if (!row) {
-      throw new Error('Failed to update node');
-    }
-
-    const node: Node = {
-      id: row.id,
-      parentId: row.parentId,
-      workspaceId: row.workspaceId,
-      type: row.type,
-      index: row.index,
-      attrs: row.attrs as Record<string, any>,
-      content: row.content as NodeBlock[],
-      createdAt: row.createdAt?.toISOString(),
-      createdBy: row.createdBy,
-      updatedAt: row.updatedAt?.toISOString(),
-      updatedBy: row.updatedBy,
-      versionId: row.versionId,
-      serverCreatedAt: row.serverCreatedAt?.toISOString(),
-      serverUpdatedAt: row.serverUpdatedAt?.toISOString(),
-      serverVersionId: row.serverVersionId,
-    };
-
-    const serverMutation: ServerUpdateNodeMutation = {
-      id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Mutation),
-      type: 'update_node',
-      workspaceId: workspaceId,
-      createdAt: new Date().toISOString(),
-      data: {
-        node: node,
-      },
-    };
-
-    await tx.mutations.create({
-      data: {
-        ...serverMutation,
-        devices: deviceIds,
-        deviceId: localMutation.deviceId,
-      },
-    });
-
-    return serverMutation;
-  });
-
-  return res.status(200).json(result);
+  await database
+    .updateTable('nodes')
+    .set({
+      parent_id: nodeData.parent_id,
+      type: nodeData.type,
+      index: nodeData.index,
+      attrs: nodeData.attrs,
+      content: nodeData.content,
+      updated_at: updatedAt,
+      updated_by: updatedBy,
+      version_id: nodeData.version_id,
+      server_updated_at: new Date(),
+    })
+    .execute();
 };
 
 const handleDeleteNodeMutation = async (
-  req: NeuronRequest,
-  res: NeuronResponse,
-  localMutation: LocalDeleteNodeMutation,
-): Promise<NeuronResponse> => {
-  if (!req.accountId) {
-    return res.status(401).json({ success: false });
+  workspaceId: string,
+  mutation: LocalMutation,
+): Promise<void> => {
+  if (!mutation.before) {
+    return;
   }
 
-  const id = localMutation.data.id;
-  const existingNode = await prisma.nodes.findUnique({
-    where: {
-      id,
-    },
-  });
+  const nodeData = JSON.parse(mutation.before) as LocalNodeMutationData;
+  const existingNode = await database
+    .selectFrom('nodes')
+    .where('id', '=', nodeData.id)
+    .select(['id', 'workspace_id'])
+    .executeTakeFirst();
 
-  if (!existingNode) {
-    const serverMutation: ServerMutation = {
-      id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Mutation),
-      type: 'delete_node',
-      workspaceId: localMutation.workspaceId,
-      createdAt: new Date().toISOString(),
-      data: {
-        id,
-      },
-    };
-    return res.status(200).json(serverMutation);
+  if (!existingNode || existingNode.workspace_id !== workspaceId) {
+    return;
   }
 
-  const workspaceId = existingNode.workspaceId;
-  const workspaceAccounts = await prisma.workspaceAccounts.findMany({
-    where: {
-      workspaceId,
-    },
-  });
-
-  if (workspaceAccounts.length === 0) {
-    return res.status(401).json({ success: false });
-  }
-
-  const accountIds = workspaceAccounts.map((account) => account.accountId);
-  if (!accountIds.includes(req.accountId)) {
-    return res.status(401).json({ success: false });
-  }
-
-  const accountDevices = await prisma.accountDevices.findMany({
-    where: {
-      accountId: {
-        in: accountIds,
-      },
-    },
-  });
-  const deviceIds = accountDevices.map((device) => device.id);
-
-  const result = await prisma.$transaction(async (tx) => {
-    await tx.nodes.delete({
-      where: {
-        id,
-      },
-    });
-
-    const serverMutation: ServerDeleteNodeMutation = {
-      id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Mutation),
-      type: 'delete_node',
-      workspaceId: workspaceId,
-      createdAt: new Date().toISOString(),
-      data: {
-        id,
-      },
-    };
-
-    await tx.mutations.create({
-      data: {
-        ...serverMutation,
-        devices: deviceIds,
-        deviceId: localMutation.deviceId,
-      },
-    });
-  });
-
-  return res.status(200).json(result);
-};
-
-const handleDeleteNodesMutation = async (
-  req: NeuronRequest,
-  res: NeuronResponse,
-  localMutation: LocalDeleteNodesMutation,
-): Promise<NeuronResponse> => {
-  if (!req.accountId) {
-    return res.status(401).json({ success: false });
-  }
-
-  const ids = localMutation.data.ids;
-  const existingNodes = await prisma.nodes.findMany({
-    where: {
-      id: {
-        in: ids,
-      },
-    },
-  });
-
-  const nodesToDelete = existingNodes.map((node) => node.id);
-  if (nodesToDelete.length === 0) {
-    const serverMutation: ServerDeleteNodesMutation = {
-      id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Mutation),
-      type: 'delete_nodes',
-      workspaceId: localMutation.workspaceId,
-      createdAt: new Date().toISOString(),
-      data: {
-        ids,
-      },
-    };
-    return res.status(200).json(serverMutation);
-  }
-
-  const workspaceId = existingNodes[0].workspaceId;
-  const workspaceAccounts = await prisma.workspaceAccounts.findMany({
-    where: {
-      workspaceId,
-    },
-  });
-
-  if (workspaceAccounts.length === 0) {
-    return res.status(401).json({ success: false });
-  }
-
-  const accountIds = workspaceAccounts.map((account) => account.accountId);
-  if (!accountIds.includes(req.accountId)) {
-    return res.status(401).json({ success: false });
-  }
-
-  const accountDevices = await prisma.accountDevices.findMany({
-    where: {
-      accountId: {
-        in: accountIds,
-      },
-    },
-  });
-  const deviceIds = accountDevices.map((device) => device.id);
-
-  const result = await prisma.$transaction(async (tx) => {
-    await tx.nodes.deleteMany({
-      where: {
-        id: {
-          in: nodesToDelete,
-        },
-      },
-    });
-
-    const serverMutation: ServerDeleteNodesMutation = {
-      id: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Mutation),
-      type: 'delete_nodes',
-      workspaceId: workspaceId,
-      createdAt: new Date().toISOString(),
-      data: {
-        ids,
-      },
-    };
-
-    await tx.mutations.create({
-      data: {
-        ...serverMutation,
-        devices: deviceIds,
-        deviceId: localMutation.deviceId,
-      },
-    });
-  });
-
-  return res.status(200).json(result);
-};
-
-const buildNode = (data: LocalCreateNodeData): Node => {
-  return {
-    id: data.id,
-    parentId: data.parentId,
-    workspaceId: data.workspaceId,
-    type: data.type,
-    index: data.index,
-    attrs: data.attrs as Record<string, any>,
-    createdAt: data.createdAt,
-    createdBy: data.createdBy,
-    versionId: data.versionId,
-    content: data.content as NodeBlock[],
-    serverCreatedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
-    serverVersionId: data.versionId,
-  };
+  await database.deleteFrom('nodes').where('id', '=', nodeData.id).execute();
 };
diff --git a/server/src/routes/sync.ts b/server/src/routes/sync.ts
index d67b5a02..f1667f45 100644
--- a/server/src/routes/sync.ts
+++ b/server/src/routes/sync.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { NeuronRequest, NeuronResponse } from '@/types/api';
-import { prisma } from '@/data/prisma';
+import { database } from '@/data/database';
 import { Router } from 'express';
-import { Node, NodeBlock } from '@/types/nodes';
+import { ServerNode } from '@/types/nodes';
 
 export const syncRouter = Router();
 
@@ -9,29 +9,28 @@ syncRouter.get(
   '/:workspaceId/sync',
   async (req: NeuronRequest, res: NeuronResponse) => {
     const workspaceId = req.params.workspaceId as string;
-    const nodes = await prisma.nodes.findMany({
-      where: {
-        workspaceId,
-      },
-    });
+    const nodes = await database
+      .selectFrom('nodes')
+      .selectAll()
+      .where('workspace_id', '=', workspaceId)
+      .execute();
 
-    const outputs: Node[] = nodes.map((node) => {
+    const outputs: ServerNode[] = nodes.map((node) => {
       return {
         id: node.id,
-        parentId: node.parentId,
-        workspaceId: node.workspaceId,
+        parentId: node.parent_id,
+        workspaceId: node.workspace_id,
         type: node.type,
         index: node.index,
-        attrs: node.attrs as Record<string, any>,
-        createdAt: node.createdAt.toISOString(),
-        createdBy: node.createdBy,
-        versionId: node.versionId,
-        content: node.content as NodeBlock[],
-        updatedAt: node.updatedAt?.toISOString(),
-        updatedBy: node.updatedBy,
-        serverCreatedAt: node.serverCreatedAt.toISOString(),
-        serverUpdatedAt: node.serverUpdatedAt?.toISOString(),
-        serverVersionId: node.serverVersionId,
+        attrs: node.attrs,
+        createdAt: node.created_at.toISOString(),
+        createdBy: node.created_by,
+        versionId: node.version_id,
+        content: node.content,
+        updatedAt: node.updated_at?.toISOString(),
+        updatedBy: node.updated_by,
+        serverCreatedAt: node.server_created_at.toISOString(),
+        serverUpdatedAt: node.server_updated_at?.toISOString(),
       };
     });
 
diff --git a/server/src/routes/workspaces.ts b/server/src/routes/workspaces.ts
index 399851d5..08e6cee0 100644
--- a/server/src/routes/workspaces.ts
+++ b/server/src/routes/workspaces.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
 } from '@/types/workspaces';
 import { ApiError, NeuronRequest, NeuronResponse } from '@/types/api';
 import { NeuronId } from '@/lib/id';
-import { prisma } from '@/data/prisma';
+import { database } from '@/data/database';
 import { Router } from 'express';
 
 export const workspacesRouter = Router();
@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ workspacesRouter.post('/', async (req: NeuronRequest, res: NeuronResponse) => {
     });
   }
 
-  const account = await prisma.accounts.findUnique({
-    where: {
-      id: req.accountId,
-    },
-  });
+  const account = await database
+    .selectFrom('accounts')
+    .selectAll()
+    .where('id', '=', req.accountId)
+    .executeTakeFirst();
 
   if (!account) {
     return res.status(404).json({
@@ -68,31 +68,53 @@ workspacesRouter.post('/', async (req: NeuronRequest, res: NeuronResponse) => {
     versionId: NeuronId.generate(NeuronId.Type.Version),
   };
 
-  await prisma.$transaction([
-    prisma.workspaces.create({
-      data: workspace,
-    }),
-    prisma.nodes.create({
-      data: {
+  await database.transaction().execute(async (trx) => {
+    await trx
+      .insertInto('workspaces')
+      .values({
+        id: workspace.id,
+        name: workspace.name,
+        description: workspace.description,
+        avatar: workspace.avatar,
+        created_at: workspace.createdAt,
+        created_by: workspace.createdBy,
+        status: workspace.status,
+        version_id: workspace.versionId,
+      })
+      .execute();
+
+    await trx
+      .insertInto('nodes')
+      .values({
         id: userId,
-        workspaceId: workspace.id,
+        workspace_id: workspace.id,
         type: 'user',
-        attrs: {
+        attrs: JSON.stringify({
           accountId: account.id,
           name: account.name,
           avatar: account.avatar,
-        },
-        createdAt: new Date(),
-        createdBy: userId,
-        versionId: userVersionId,
-        serverCreatedAt: new Date(),
-        serverVersionId: userVersionId,
-      },
-    }),
-    prisma.workspaceAccounts.create({
-      data: workspaceAccount,
-    }),
-  ]);
+        }),
+        created_at: workspaceAccount.createdAt,
+        created_by: workspaceAccount.createdBy,
+        version_id: userVersionId,
+        server_created_at: new Date(),
+      })
+      .execute();
+
+    await trx
+      .insertInto('workspace_accounts')
+      .values({
+        account_id: workspaceAccount.accountId,
+        workspace_id: workspaceAccount.workspaceId,
+        user_id: workspaceAccount.userId,
+        role: workspaceAccount.role,
+        created_at: workspaceAccount.createdAt,
+        created_by: workspaceAccount.createdBy,
+        status: workspaceAccount.status,
+        version_id: workspaceAccount.versionId,
+      })
+      .execute();
+  });
 
   const output: WorkspaceOutput = {
     id: workspace.id,
@@ -121,11 +143,11 @@ workspacesRouter.put(
       });
     }
 
-    const workspace = await prisma.workspaces.findUnique({
-      where: {
-        id: id,
-      },
-    });
+    const workspace = await database
+      .selectFrom('workspaces')
+      .selectAll()
+      .where('id', '=', id)
+      .executeTakeFirst();
 
     if (!workspace) {
       return res.status(404).json({
@@ -134,12 +156,12 @@ workspacesRouter.put(
       });
     }
 
-    const workspaceAccount = await prisma.workspaceAccounts.findFirst({
-      where: {
-        workspaceId: id,
-        accountId: req.accountId,
-      },
-    });
+    const workspaceAccount = await database
+      .selectFrom('workspace_accounts')
+      .selectAll()
+      .where('workspace_id', '=', id)
+      .where('account_id', '=', req.accountId)
+      .executeTakeFirst();
 
     if (!workspaceAccount) {
       return res.status(403).json({
@@ -155,26 +177,47 @@ workspacesRouter.put(
       });
     }
 
-    const updatedWorkspace = await prisma.workspaces.update({
-      where: {
-        id: id,
-      },
-      data: {
+    if (!workspaceAccount) {
+      return res.status(403).json({
+        code: ApiError.Forbidden,
+        message: 'Forbidden.',
+      });
+    }
+
+    if (workspaceAccount.role !== WorkspaceRole.Owner) {
+      return res.status(403).json({
+        code: ApiError.Forbidden,
+        message: 'Forbidden.',
+      });
+    }
+
+    const updatedWorkspace = await database
+      .updateTable('workspaces')
+      .set({
         name: input.name,
-        updatedAt: new Date(),
-        updatedBy: req.accountId,
-      },
-    });
+        updated_at: new Date(),
+        updated_by: req.accountId,
+      })
+      .where('id', '=', id)
+      .returningAll()
+      .executeTakeFirst();
+
+    if (!updatedWorkspace) {
+      return res.status(500).json({
+        code: ApiError.InternalServerError,
+        message: 'Internal server error.',
+      });
+    }
 
     const output: WorkspaceOutput = {
       id: updatedWorkspace.id,
       name: updatedWorkspace.name,
       description: updatedWorkspace.description,
       avatar: updatedWorkspace.avatar,
-      versionId: updatedWorkspace.versionId,
+      versionId: updatedWorkspace.version_id,
       accountId: req.accountId,
       role: workspaceAccount.role,
-      userId: workspaceAccount.userId,
+      userId: workspaceAccount.user_id,
     };
 
     return res.status(200).json(output);
@@ -193,11 +236,11 @@ workspacesRouter.delete(
       });
     }
 
-    const workspace = await prisma.workspaces.findUnique({
-      where: {
-        id: id,
-      },
-    });
+    const workspace = await database
+      .selectFrom('workspaces')
+      .selectAll()
+      .where('id', '=', id)
+      .executeTakeFirst();
 
     if (!workspace) {
       return res.status(404).json({
@@ -206,12 +249,12 @@ workspacesRouter.delete(
       });
     }
 
-    const workspaceAccount = await prisma.workspaceAccounts.findFirst({
-      where: {
-        workspaceId: id,
-        accountId: req.accountId,
-      },
-    });
+    const workspaceAccount = await database
+      .selectFrom('workspace_accounts')
+      .selectAll()
+      .where('workspace_id', '=', id)
+      .where('account_id', '=', req.accountId)
+      .executeTakeFirst();
 
     if (!workspaceAccount) {
       return res.status(403).json({
@@ -220,11 +263,16 @@ workspacesRouter.delete(
       });
     }
 
-    await prisma.workspaces.delete({
-      where: {
-        id: id,
-      },
-    });
+    if (workspaceAccount.role !== WorkspaceRole.Owner) {
+      return res.status(403).json({
+        code: ApiError.Forbidden,
+        message: 'Forbidden.',
+      });
+    }
+
+    await database.deleteFrom('workspaces').where('id', '=', id).execute();
+
+    await database.deleteFrom('workspaces').where('id', '=', id).execute();
 
     return res.status(200).json({
       id: workspace.id,
@@ -242,11 +290,11 @@ workspacesRouter.get(':id', async (req: NeuronRequest, res: NeuronResponse) => {
     });
   }
 
-  const workspace = await prisma.workspaces.findUnique({
-    where: {
-      id: id,
-    },
-  });
+  const workspace = await database
+    .selectFrom('workspaces')
+    .selectAll()
+    .where('id', '=', id)
+    .executeTakeFirst();
 
   if (!workspace) {
     return res.status(404).json({
@@ -255,12 +303,12 @@ workspacesRouter.get(':id', async (req: NeuronRequest, res: NeuronResponse) => {
     });
   }
 
-  const workspaceAccount = await prisma.workspaceAccounts.findFirst({
-    where: {
-      workspaceId: id,
-      accountId: req.accountId,
-    },
-  });
+  const workspaceAccount = await database
+    .selectFrom('workspace_accounts')
+    .selectAll()
+    .where('workspace_id', '=', id)
+    .where('account_id', '=', req.accountId)
+    .executeTakeFirst();
 
   if (!workspaceAccount) {
     return res.status(403).json({
@@ -274,10 +322,10 @@ workspacesRouter.get(':id', async (req: NeuronRequest, res: NeuronResponse) => {
     name: workspace.name,
     description: workspace.description,
     avatar: workspace.avatar,
-    versionId: workspace.versionId,
+    versionId: workspace.version_id,
     accountId: req.accountId,
     role: workspaceAccount.role,
-    userId: workspaceAccount.userId,
+    userId: workspaceAccount.user_id,
   };
 
   return res.status(200).json(output);
@@ -291,26 +339,24 @@ workspacesRouter.get('/', async (req: NeuronRequest, res: NeuronResponse) => {
     });
   }
 
-  const workspaceAccounts = await prisma.workspaceAccounts.findMany({
-    where: {
-      accountId: req.accountId,
-    },
-  });
+  const workspaceAccounts = await database
+    .selectFrom('workspace_accounts')
+    .selectAll()
+    .where('account_id', '=', req.accountId)
+    .execute();
 
-  const workspaceIds = workspaceAccounts.map((wa) => wa.workspaceId);
-  const workspaces = await prisma.workspaces.findMany({
-    where: {
-      id: {
-        in: workspaceIds,
-      },
-    },
-  });
+  const workspaceIds = workspaceAccounts.map((wa) => wa.workspace_id);
+  const workspaces = await database
+    .selectFrom('workspaces')
+    .selectAll()
+    .where('id', 'in', workspaceIds)
+    .execute();
 
   const outputs: WorkspaceOutput[] = [];
 
   for (const workspace of workspaces) {
     const workspaceAccount = workspaceAccounts.find(
-      (wa) => wa.workspaceId === workspace.id,
+      (wa) => wa.workspace_id === workspace.id,
     );
 
     if (!workspaceAccount) {
@@ -322,10 +368,10 @@ workspacesRouter.get('/', async (req: NeuronRequest, res: NeuronResponse) => {
       name: workspace.name,
       description: workspace.description,
       avatar: workspace.avatar,
-      versionId: workspace.versionId,
+      versionId: workspace.version_id,
       accountId: req.accountId,
       role: workspaceAccount.role,
-      userId: workspaceAccount.userId,
+      userId: workspaceAccount.user_id,
     };
 
     outputs.push(output);
diff --git a/server/src/types/changes.ts b/server/src/types/changes.ts
index a227dc03..e2ad1fa6 100644
--- a/server/src/types/changes.ts
+++ b/server/src/types/changes.ts
@@ -25,30 +25,30 @@ type ChangeSource = {
   lsn: number;
 };
 
+export type MutationChangeData = {
+  id: string;
+  workspace_id: string;
+  table: string;
+  action: string;
+  after: string | null;
+  before: string | null;
+  created_at: string;
+  device_ids: string[];
+};
+
 export type NodeChangeData = {
   id: string;
   workspace_id: string;
-  parent_id?: string | null;
+  parent_id: string | null;
   type: string;
   index: string | null;
-  attrs?: string | null;
-  content?: string | null;
+  attrs: string | null;
+  content: string | null;
   created_at: string;
   created_by: string;
-  updated_at?: string | null;
-  updated_by?: string | null;
+  updated_at: string | null;
+  updated_by: string | null;
   version_id: string;
   server_created_at: string;
-  server_updated_at?: string | null;
-  server_version_id: string;
-};
-
-export type MutationChangeData = {
-  id: string;
-  type: string;
-  workspace_id: string;
-  data: string;
-  created_at: string;
-  device_id: string;
-  devices: string[] | null;
+  server_updated_at: string | null;
 };
diff --git a/server/src/types/mutations.ts b/server/src/types/mutations.ts
index 4248047d..60aac21f 100644
--- a/server/src/types/mutations.ts
+++ b/server/src/types/mutations.ts
@@ -1,131 +1,39 @@
-import { Node, NodeBlock } from '@/types/nodes';
-
-export type LocalMutation =
-  | LocalCreateNodeMutation
-  | LocalCreateNodesMutation
-  | LocalUpdateNodeMutation
-  | LocalDeleteNodeMutation
-  | LocalDeleteNodesMutation;
-
-export type LocalCreateNodeMutation = {
-  type: 'create_node';
+export type ExecuteLocalMutationsInput = {
   workspaceId: string;
-  deviceId: string;
-  data: {
-    node: LocalCreateNodeData;
-  };
+  mutations: LocalMutation[];
 };
 
-export type LocalCreateNodesMutation = {
-  type: 'create_nodes';
-  workspaceId: string;
-  deviceId: string;
-  data: {
-    nodes: LocalCreateNodeData[];
-  };
+export type LocalMutation = {
+  id: number;
+  table: string;
+  action: 'insert' | 'update' | 'delete';
+  before?: string | null;
+  after?: string | null;
+  createdAt: string;
 };
 
-export type LocalCreateNodeData = {
+export type LocalNodeMutationData = {
   id: string;
   type: string;
-  parentId: string | null;
-  workspaceId: string;
+  parent_id: string | null;
   index: string | null;
-  content: NodeBlock[];
-  attrs: Record<string, any>;
-  createdAt: string;
-  createdBy: string;
-  versionId: string;
+  attrs?: string | null;
+  content?: string | null;
+  created_at: string;
+  updated_at?: string | null;
+  created_by: string;
+  updated_by?: string | null;
+  version_id: string;
+  server_created_at: string;
+  server_updated_at: string;
+  server_version_id: string;
 };
 
-export type LocalUpdateNodeMutation = {
-  type: 'update_node';
-  workspaceId: string;
-  deviceId: string;
-  data: {
-    id: string;
-    type: string;
-    parentId: string | null;
-    index: string | null;
-    content: NodeBlock[];
-    attrs: Record<string, any>;
-    updatedAt: string;
-    updatedBy: string;
-    versionId: string;
-  };
-};
-
-export type LocalDeleteNodeMutation = {
-  type: 'delete_node';
-  workspaceId: string;
-  deviceId: string;
-  data: {
-    id: string;
-  };
-};
-
-export type LocalDeleteNodesMutation = {
-  type: 'delete_nodes';
-  workspaceId: string;
-  deviceId: string;
-  data: {
-    ids: string[];
-  };
-};
-
-export type ServerMutation =
-  | ServerCreateNodeMutation
-  | ServerCreateNodesMutation
-  | ServerUpdateNodeMutation
-  | ServerDeleteNodeMutation
-  | ServerDeleteNodesMutation;
-
-export type ServerCreateNodeMutation = {
+export type ServerMutation = {
   id: string;
-  type: 'create_node';
+  table: string;
+  action: 'insert' | 'update' | 'delete';
   workspaceId: string;
-  data: {
-    node: Node;
-  };
-  createdAt: string;
-};
-
-export type ServerCreateNodesMutation = {
-  id: string;
-  type: 'create_nodes';
-  workspaceId: string;
-  data: {
-    nodes: Node[];
-  };
-  createdAt: string;
-};
-
-export type ServerUpdateNodeMutation = {
-  id: string;
-  type: 'update_node';
-  workspaceId: string;
-  data: {
-    node: Node;
-  };
-  createdAt: string;
-};
-
-export type ServerDeleteNodeMutation = {
-  id: string;
-  type: 'delete_node';
-  workspaceId: string;
-  data: {
-    id: string;
-  };
-  createdAt: string;
-};
-
-export type ServerDeleteNodesMutation = {
-  id: string;
-  type: 'delete_nodes';
-  workspaceId: string;
-  data: {
-    ids: string[];
-  };
-  createdAt: string;
+  before: any | null;
+  after: any | null;
 };
diff --git a/server/src/types/nodes.ts b/server/src/types/nodes.ts
index 71d5dfae..203d9b92 100644
--- a/server/src/types/nodes.ts
+++ b/server/src/types/nodes.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-export type Node = {
+export type ServerNode = {
   id: string;
   workspaceId: string;
   parentId?: string | null;
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ export type Node = {
   versionId: string;
   serverCreatedAt: string;
   serverUpdatedAt?: string | null;
-  serverVersionId: string;
 };
 
 export type NodeBlock = {